THE HISTORY OF IRAQ

OVERVIEW

The modern state of Iraq in 1920 was defined as a range of optional Iraq. He (later ", known as Irāq-i'Arab, but historically associated with Babylon) also includes part of upper Mesopotamia and Syria and the Arabian desert wilderness is centered on the lower Mesopotamia.

Fertile great part of Mesopotamia to the Neolithic (the Ubaid period) Age civilization in the early Bronze Age and Iron Age Pop and I formed a significant part (built around the ancient Near East in, Akkadian, .After the fall of Babylonian and Assyrian) Neo-Babylonian Empire to Mesopotamia to Persia, and then fell under Greek rule. This Persian (Sassanid) under the control again in the 3rd century by the previously displaced population had increased Arabs and the Arabic name al 'Irāq extended at this time.

The Sassanid Empire were displaced because of the caliphs Rashidun victory of Islam in the 7th century and destroyed. Baghdad in the 9th century, the "Abbasid caliphs of the Islamic Golden Age," she said. Baghdad rapid growth obviously in the 10th century due to Buwayhid and Seljuq invasion, but after the Mongol invasion in 1258., Turco- in Iraq became a Mongol empire and remained vital until ilkhanate declined in importance.

 After the disintegration of the ilkhanate, Safavid Iran and Iraq intermittently under the control of the Mamluk fell in the 16th century in the Kara Koyunlu Jalairids and ruled until the Ottoman Empire to its eventual absorption.

At the end of the Ottoman rule during World War II, and tested following a coup in Iraq in 1958, established the Republic of Iraq, as the British government came to be governed by binding until the establishment of the government of Iraq in 1933. 

This time, it falls to the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein was under control from 1979 to 2003. Saddam Hussein, the US-led invasion of the country in 2003 were the following release. Over the years, over the central and southern part of the government with the control of the west, Iraq came to the brink of civil war, and in 2015, after the withdrawal of US troops in 2011, the worsening situation in Iraq effectively divided Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq and the Levant, and in the western part of the Islamic Empire .

HESTORY

1957-1961 Shanidar cave Ralph Solecki and Columbia University team, and of different ages and preserved and completeness (Shanidar labeled I - IX) on the governments of Neanderthal man was excavated during the nine skeletons have been found dating from 60-80,000 years BP. One-tenth of an individual during a faunal assemblage on the test site on the Ignite Institute recently found by M. Zeder.

Cremated Neandertals (flowers, but now is thought to be a modern contaminant) were burying their dead with flowers, seemed to suggest that Zeder was a funeral ceremony; And they took care of the injured and elderly individuals.

Mesopotamia, around 10,000 BC, is the earliest Neolithic Revolution events site. This has been identified as "honey discovery, the first cereal crops planted and cursive script, mathematics, some of the most important events in human history, astronomy, including agricultural development and inspiration."

REPUBLIC OF IRAQ

Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser's leadership, the ninth brigade officers ( "āzi- Za`īm", 'leader' as is known) Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim, under the direction of, "The four Colonials" known as Abdul Salam Arif, Colonel Grade 3 and new the government rejected the idea of ​​union with the royal tables Hashimite on Iraq to be proclaimed in 1958, the Republic of Jordan on July 14. Activity in Iraq left Baghdad agreement.

In 1961, Kuwait gained independence from Britain and Iraq claimed sovereignty over Kuwait. A high instability followed. That same year, three years ago, Qasim began to return to Iraq had been invited by Mustafa Barzani, Iraq's first Kurdish Kurdish and government forces engaging in what is the beginning of the Iraqi war in the north control.

1. Ba'athist Iraq

The Ba'ath Party General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr-(Prime Minister) Abdul Salam Arif and Colonel (president), under the direction Qasim took power in February 1963, was executed. It was June 1963 on Syria, which fell under the Ba'athist regime, aircraft, armored vehicles and 6,000 soldiers in military campaigns against Iraqi Kurds by force.

A few months later, Abd as-Salam `mehāmedi` led a successful coup against the cool Ba'ath government. Cool the one hand, and the Peshmerga (freedom fighters) on the other divide between urban strikes on Kurdish Barzani-led forces provoked, which declared the truce in February 1964.

April 13, 1966, President Abdul Salam Arif died in a helicopter crash, his brother, General Abdul Rahman Arif replaced. This was followed by an unexpected death, Iraqi government launched a last-ditch effort to overcome the Kurds. Barzani forces sharply this time defeated Iraqi army in the war Handrin mountain near Rawanduz campaign, in May 1966, failed. Following the 1967 Six-Day War Ba'ath Party felt strong enough to retake power in 1968.

Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr there Revolutionary Council (RCC) and the president and chairman. The Ba'ath government in 1969. This began a campaign to stop the stroke, which can be associated with the internal power struggle in Baghdad, the Kurdish part of Iran, violence and tension. Moreover, the Soviet Union come to terms with the Iraqis to pressure Barzani. Iraqi Kurdish rebels and the government ended with both rare successes, ended with more than 100,000 mortal victims.

After the first Kurdish Iraqi war, the peace plan of March 1970, the public and featured a large Kurdish gas. The plan also gave up a friendship with these four years.Despite representation of Kurds and government bodies, in order to implement this, Iraqi government began a program of Arabization in Kirkuk and Khanaqin oil rich regions in the same period.

In the following years, the government defeated the internal volume of Baghdad in April 1972, the Soviet Union Agreement concluded and ended in the Arab world and isolated. On the other hand, Kurds remained dependent on Iranian military assistance to small and can strengthen the forces. In 1974, only last until 1975, the situation in the north, Kurdish Iraqi War II, moved again.

2. Under Saddam Hussein

Increasing women's participation in the 1970's.

In July 1979, President Ahmed Hassan Bakr al-President and Chairman of the Revolutionary Council, there are both Saddam Hussein, who, by the thought that I had to move offices.

Economy had been destroyed, - border disputes with Iran, a suspicious and precious eight-year-old led war, Iran-Iraq War (known as Saddam's Qādisiyyah '1980-1988, Qādisiyyat- Saddam). Iraq declared victory in 1988 but actually both sides of the border will remain in the first position Ante bellum, meaning a weak pinning back.

Iraq invaded Iran war, the boundary follows a long history, in 1980, of September 22 on the Iranian territory to launch air and land invasion in the bombing, and the Iranian revolution, the influence of Shia majority of Iraq's long-suffering yetefenu-Shia insurgency in the Hereafter. Iraq was also featured design to replace Iran in the Persian Gulf state. Saddam Hussein supported the United States in the war against Iran.

Iran's revolutionary thinking in Iraq to take advantage of the chaos and violence, but without formal notice, to Iran, and virtually all the territory lost in the next six years, in June 1982, will be repelled by Iranians who had made only limited progress in several months, Iran to the UN Security offensive.Despite the Council calls upon the armistice, continued until 20 August 1988 and hatred.

Finally, the House approved the war resolution in the UN Security Council to both sides of 598, ended with a truce brokered a United Nations organization. The Iranian armed forces View pre-war international boundaries to respect Iraqi territory for release (1975 Algiers Agreement between the two countries) took several weeks. In 2003, the last prisoners of war were exchanged.

An estimated 1 million victims of Saddam during the Iran-Iraq war, which cost Hussain

War is believed to have died in the war, with many more injured civilians-but if it is brought within the boundaries of life and economic damage and compensation or change-in value came half a million Iraqi and Iranian soldiers.

It is often compared with the conflict of World War II, in the methods used to close a massive trench, manpower and machine-gun posts on the barbed wire, bayonet charges, use of a fortress, a conflict that converting people, including the reflected wave of violence across the land, and Iranian troops and civilians as well as Iraqi Kurds on the Iraqi government used chemical weapons extensively, such as mustard gas. "Chemical weapons were used in the war.

" At that time, the United Nations Security Council issued a statement, however, that the United Nations had made it clear that Iraq was using chemical weapons in the descriptions, so that "the international community is silent as Iraq and weapons of mass destruction on Iraqi Kurds in Iran as "There has been and is believed to be.

A long-standing debate about the state of Kuwait November 1990 1990 was due to an ostensible reason for the invasion of Iraq; The United Nations Security Council on Iraqi forces in Kuwait military action in its license, allowing member countries to use all the necessary efforts to comply with 678 receiving asked Saddam Hussein failed to demand this January 15, 1991, in a full withdrawal, the Persian Gulf War ( Operation "desert Storm") based on the January 17, 1991, perhaps 30,000 Iraqi soldiers and many civilians were a few thousand; And killed him.

Violence in southern Iraq in March 1991, demoralized Iraqi army soldiers began about Shia parties and anti-government Shiite-ruled. Another wave of guerrilla Kurdish population in northern Iraq rose after the lodging (See uprisings in Iraq in 1991). They Iraqi Ba'ath party rule, but the risk of serious, massive and indiscriminate force Saddam Hussein to suppress the rebellion and managed to maintain power.

These brutal Iraqi Republican Guard in the largest loyalist forces successfully destroyed and people were terrorized. Thousands of people have been killed during the unrest of a few weeks. While many Iraqis fled for their lives and nearly two million people died in the following months. Once established, while a combination of Iraqi minimi- fly zone, the government, the draining of swamps tet’wat’wafe Arabs forcibly resettled and the Iraqi marshlands.

On August 6, 1990, after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on the United Nations Security Council, medical supplies, food and other essential humanitarian approach things, except to provide full trade sanctions, economic sanctions on Iraq, which is an obligation to try 661, adopted Security Council to make such a determination House sanctions Committee.

 Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait after it was associated with hyperinflation and sanctions, Iraq was removed in 2003 to try to 687.From 1991 weapons of mass destruction after the end of the Gulf War, poverty and malnutrition have increased. Various degrees, the result of government policy, after the Gulf War and the sanctions regime would be responsible for these conditions.

During the late 1990's U.N. Because between the suffering of ordinary Iraqis: relaxed about penalties. Studies during the sanctions years, South Central and the number of men who have died in Iraq. In addition, any additional penalties because of a problem with the argument that this or any other factors.However result was, to ease the effects of sanctions on the oil for food program was established in 1996.

The United Nations when Iraqi cooperation with weapons inspection teams in the 1990s was the question on many occasions. UNSCOM chief weapons inspector Richard Butler withdrew due to lack of cooperation from Iraq in November 1998, a team from Iraq. The team back in December.Butler compliance.

The he expressed dissatisfaction with the level of the same month later in a report prepared for the United Nations Security Council, US President Bill Clinton will air strikes on government targets and military facilities. Air strikes, and charges against WMD sites continued to military facilities in 2002.

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THE HISTORY OF TURKEY

OVERVIEW

Now, the territory of the Republic of Turkey operates a range understood as a story of the history of Turkey, parts of Asia in Anatolia (Turkey) and Eastern Tracy (the European part of Turkey) includes both the story.

When the old Ottoman times, for example, the difference between a Turkic people, and now the Republic of Turkey, must be made of the history of ancient Anatolia and creativity is basically the story of Tracy in the territories.

Turkey is the middle name comes from the Latin Turchia, ie "the land of the Turks" From the beginning of the medieval Turkic peoples of Central Asia and Eastern Europe fell under the control of a totally different area, seems to represent.

Turks had conquered parts of what is now Turkey, and Turkey's history Seljuk and Ottoman Empires modern history of the Middle Ages, people in medieval history, and since 1920, spans the history of the Republic of Turkey.

TURKISH ANCIENT HISTORY

Historians generally agree that the first Turkic people who lived in Central Asia and Siberia extending to one region. The early history, they BCE.The different Turkic peoples Turkish trade referred to in the preceding first mentioned in Chinese literature late Xiongnu confederation (contemporaneous with the time of the Han dynasty of China) appeared on land approximately 200 BC to the 6th century after it was established, including the Silk Way Grand Sogdians with the tribes.

It has been suggested that the Han Dynasty Xiongnu often mentioned in the records, birth and were Turkic-speaking.

In the 5th century, invaded and conquered much of Europe Attila the hun countless, and other Turkic people argue that it may be one of the earlier Turkic Xiongnu.Some scholars descendants of the Huns, and argue that he was the source of Mongolic tribes.

In the 6th century, 400 years after the collapse of northern Xiongnu power in Inner Asia, was taken over by the leadership of the Turkic peoples Göktürks. The former nomads in the Xiongnu confederation, Göktürks their inherited traditions and administrative experience. From 745 to 552 Göktürk Göktürk leadership of the state to the nomadic Turkic ethnic unity. The name is derived from gok,. "Heavenly" or "celestial" Unlike its predecessor Xiongnu Göktürk Khan, a tribal chief of the state-controlled councils were subordinate to the authority of the sovereign tribe Ashina was a temporary khans.

Buddhist monks and missionaries that he received a syncretic religion, although Khan, the first shamanistic religion, remains Tengriism rooms. The Göktürks a Runic script, we were the first Turkic people to write in Old Turkic Orkhon script. Khan was also the first case, known as the "Grand". It eventually collapsed due to conflicts in the Royal series, but the name "Grand" Later many states and peoples was taken.

Turkic people from Turkestan and related groups migrated to the west, Eastern Europe, Iranian plateau and Anatolia and modern Turkey is now Mongolia; In many waves. The first expansion is not known. After many battles, they established their own state created after the Ottoman Empire. Asia and Europe to the Middle East.They When you go to most of the main migration also involved in the Crusades, occurred in the Middle Ages.

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

The next was the Ottoman capital beylik was the first major victory in 1361 was in Bursa in 1326. Edirne. After most of Europe and the spread of pushcarts, in 1453, was completed about Mehmed II, the Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine rule in the capital city, Constantinople to capture the state. Constantinople was the capital of the province of Edirne following. The Ottoman Empire in Eastern Anatolia, Central Europe, the Caucasus, North and East Africa, the Mediterranean, would continue to promote the Greater Syria, Mesopotamia, and the 15th, 16th and 17th century, the islands in the Arabian Peninsula.


Sultan Suleiman the Great Golden Age.
Power and glory of the Ottoman Empire, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Great, in the 16th and was on the 17 th century. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the State of the Balkans, the southern part of the time were often at odds with Central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire to its steady advance.Also, there was often at war with Persia, the Ottoman Empire controversies.


At sea, the state control of the Mediterranean, consists of Habsburg wrestles with the teams, the Republic of Venice and St. John the heroes of Spain. In the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and the Ottoman navy frequently in order to prevent a disaster Portuguese warships traditional monopoly on the trade routes between Western Europe; These routes faced new competition with the Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.


Karlowitz the Ottoman Empire in 1699, the agreement marked the beginning of a retreat; In some regions of the agreement were lost in Austria, Hungary and Transylvania, unless he received all the Banat; Along with the signing of Venice (Peloponnesus peninsula in southern Greece), I usually Crescents; Poland recovered Podolia.In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire, Greece, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and the Balkans, including the 1912-1913 Balkan wars, continued loss of its territories. Anatolia (see under the Ottoman Empire rose in the National) in the 20th century until the left-National.


Its inhabitants, Turks, Armenians, Kurds, Greeks, too: Frenchs, and (especially from Genoa and Venice) were different ethnic groups, including Italians. Forged an alliance with Germany, who supported the Ottoman Empire with soldiers and equipment were faced with the loss bordered on all sides. Central Powers on the side of the Ottoman Empire (1914-1918) entered World War II; Finally, it was defeated. During the war, the major atrocities Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks.Following first, I was divided into many new territories of the Ottoman Empire was comprised of regions and peoples of the Ottoman Empire perpetrated on a massive Sumerian kingdom.

REPUBLIC OF TURKEY

One by the Allies in World War I came up with some parts of the country on the Turkish invasion of Mustafa Kemal moved to establish a national movement.Under, he distinguished himself during the Gallipoli War, a military commander, Turkish war of self-management Sèvres.By September 18, 1922, the purpose of revoking the terms of the agreement it was, expelled the invading army. On November 1, a new parliament was founded in 623 years, ending the rule of the Ottoman standard, therefore, was taken to the Sultan.


On July 24, 1923 Lausanne Treaty, the Ottoman Empire's successor state, according to the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" has become the world's sovereignty and internationally recognized; And officially the Republic of October 29, 1923, in the new capital of Turkey, Kemal Ankara.Mustafa proclaimed Republic became the first president; It was subsequently established political women, the rights of its expelled from the Ottoman Empire Ottoman hat on past.


The introduced many radical reforms with the remnants of a new secular republic founder of the Purpose of, and the new system is based on the Latin alphabet was created.According as Turkish law on family names, Turkish Mustafa Kemal presented to parliament in 1934 with the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father of the Turks).
4-6 December 1943, which was held between the second Cairo conference İnönü Roosevelt and Churchill.


Turkey was neutral in World War II (1939-45), but if this attack is to defend Germany, Britain and Turkey in October 1939 signed an agreement with Britain. It was the threat of an invasion in 1941, but is not available or territories, Syria and Ankara soldiers refused to allow them to cross its border into Germany's questions. Before the war, Germany was the largest trading partner, and continued to do business with Turkey on both sides. Both parties purchased from the war.


Constellation (used to make steel better) Chrome tried to stop the German purchases. Beginning in 1942, he gave military aid to the Allies. In November, Roosevelt and Churchill in 1943, conferred with Turkish leaders on the Cairo conference, and hope to enter the war. In August 1944, Germany is approaching with the victory, Turkey broke off relations. In February 1945, the Germany and Japan, Turkey declared war on the United Nations to develop a symbolic allowed to join the movement.


Meanwhile, up to a Cold War relationship with Moscow, it got worse. The Turkish military bases in the bay with the interests of the Soviet Union for the origin of the American Psychological infrastructure in Turkey, Greece and security guarantees prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947, and large-scale US military and economic support for the results.


After participating with United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined as a bulwark against the expansion of NATO in 1952, the Soviet Mediterranean. The island of Cyprus and the Greek military coup in July 1974, overthrowing President Makarios Nikos Sampson as dictator for ten years following the ethnic violence loading, Turkey and North Cyprus Turkish Republic (nine years after the 1974 invasion of the Republic of Cyprus, TRNC) was established. Turkey is the only country to recognize the TRNC.


Turkish democracy in 1960, 1945, 1971 and 1980.In 1984, following the military coup was terminated after being tested during the multiparty one side, the PKK started guerrilla warfare against the Turkish government and democracy; 40,000 shirk their lives in the conflict, the country has enjoyed strong economic growth and greater political stability, 1980, when the Turkish economy continues to free today.Since.

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THE HISTORY OF BANGLADES

OVERVIEW

Smart Bangladesh after breaking away and free from Pakistan to Bangladesh to achieve independence war in 1971, appeared as a separate independent nation. The country's borders coincide with the Chalcolithic civilization back more than four thousand years, the Indian subcontinent, where it is an integral part of the ancient and historical region in the eastern part of Bengal. It is closely tied to the region's history and the history of Bengal in India's history.


Pre-history of the local governments of India, a series of internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism stands out for supremacy. Sunni Islam missionaries came in from the 13 th century, gradually became dominant. Later, Muslim rulers mosque (mosques) and strengthened the process of changing the academic building.


Modern-Bangladesh border region of the newly formed government in Pakistan Radcliffe Line.However The following were established as part of East Pakistan began in August 1947, Bengali and Hindi partition; This 1,600 km west of Pakistan was separated from India range (994 miles).


Western male-wing political isolation due to political, ethnic and linguistic discrimination, and economic neglect, quaking popular civil disobedience after independence in 1971 led to the war of independence, the new state of famine, natural disasters and widespread poverty endured, as well as political turmoil and military coups. The restoration of democracy in 1991 has been followed by relative calm and economic growth.

People's Republic of Bangladesh

1. The provisional government

Bangladesh interim government was the first government of the country. April 17, 1971 to a provisional government was formed on Mujibnagar that its principles of "equality, human dignity and social justice is" declaring, issued a proclamation of independence and the constitution of temporary service. Tajuddin Ahmed and military chief of staff, was his Prime Minister, G-d was Osmani. Other important cabinet Syed Nazrul Islam, Muhammad Ali Abbasid included. The civil service in Pakistan and Bangladesh Civil Service with the newly formed defecting members.


In addition, among others, Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, Humayun Rashid Choudhury was a prominent diplomatic corps governed and Rehman Sobhan. The Bangladesh army Ziaur Rahman prominent figures, Khaled Mosharraf and K. D. eleven sector commanders of the Shafiullah included in these children included.


The provisional government in neighboring India, diplomatic, economic and military assistance provided. Calcutta was the capital of the exiled government. Make sure to end in December 1971, Indian military intervention in the war in the last two weeks, Pakistan.

2. Sheikh Mujib manager

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Prime Minister of Bangladesh Constitution Act of 1972, signed
Pakistan in the 1970 elections and formed the government for the first time in the post independence Awami League winner, which left wing ,, Bangladesh. Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Bangladesh on 12 January 1972, 2 PM and widely considered the founding father of the nation and the liberation hero. Under his rule, the nation-building was based on secular Bengali nationalist principles. Dr. Kamal Hossain bebenigiledēshi drafted the first constitution, in 1972, put the structure of the Democratic Republic of the parliamentary liberal with socialist influences.


International Forum on, Rahman and Indira Gandhi signed the Indian equivalent of friendship, cooperation and peace, the 25-year-old Indo-Bangladesh agreement. Bangladeshi Islamic Conference Organization, joined the Commonwealth of Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement:. Rahman talks with the US and Soviet leaders in Washington, DC, and was invited to Moscow. In 1974 Delhi Agreement, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and regional stability, and to share the work for peace. The agreement Trail Pakistan arrested Bengal officials and their families to return, as well as the establishment of diplomatic relations between Dhaka and paved between Islamabad. Japan to a new country and to help the provider.


Israel was one of the earliest countries to recognize Bangladesh, although the government in Dhaka strong returns in 1973 during the war between Israel and Egypt, supported by the Arab, Egypt 44 tanks.Many Eastern European countries, particularly Yugoslavia, East Germany and Poland Bangladesh with military talent, Bangladesh.The enjoyed excellent relations with the Soviet Union, Bangladesh air force Mig-21 aircraft, several squadrons needed.


Partner, Rahman's rule was becoming authoritarian. The Awami League Wrestling abuse was taking sole credit feelings pro-business and conservative forces, in a radical socialist Jashod in the insurgency, and awe. In 1974, the opposition to stop Rahman able to make a three-month state of emergency. He was accused of human rights violations which Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini, was formed. The Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini was distrusted by many in the Bangladesh army.


Economic, Rahman began on a nationalization program. Because of socialist economic planning. Soviet and Indian support failed to materialize in the desired number. 1974 was a major economic and food crisis and famine in Bangladesh. Due to the Government of Cuba to export jute Dhaka between police and sent for bebenigiledēshi US restrictions on food, have an important role in bringing the gain to blame the United States. The government, World Bank for help in time; They turned to IVF.


In January 1975, Sheikh Mujib, dissolved parliament established a one-party system in this state and is considered critical to the president special powers. A wide variety of political parties in itself an acronym BAKSAL known only legal national party- to Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League, was to have been merged. Most Bangladeshi newspapers, newspapers were banned, except for the four nationalized.


Sheikh Mujib quickly lost the support of most social groups in Bangladesh. War veterans free of civil rights and was angered by suppression of democracy. Sheikh Mujib's socialist policies to avoid economic meltdown people. Some historians and commentators have noted that in 1975 "the most hated man in bebenigiledēshi".
15 August 1975, a group of junior army and rebels, most of the family in a private residence in Dhaka, Sheikh Mujib was killed and.

3. military coup and presidential regimes

Queen Juliana of the Netherlands in 1979, and Princess Beatrix Ziaur Rahman, president of the
Sheikh Mujib to the coup leaders, the latest successor, Ahmed, vice president of Khondaker Mostaq installed. A staunch conservative, Ahmed, Bangladesh's first Prime Minister military and law; Tajuddin Ahmed, including many prominent Sheikh Mujib arrested in confidantes, promulgated. But the country's leaders, Ahmed made way for the future of the military junta Versus the Bangladesh Armed Forces leadership reshuffled 3 killed in November 1975.


Brigadier General Khaled Mosharraf lead a counter-coup on November 6, 1975, the president appointed as the Chief Justice, overturned Abu Ahmad as President Sadat Muhammad Sayem,. Mosharraf 7 November 1975, the army chief, Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman was killed by renegade soldiers at the hands of Abu Taher socialist, he served as vice president under martial law administrator Sayem 1976 appeared as the country's most powerful figure.


A new government in Dhaka, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and China recognized as dramatically under the stewardship unknowingly, Bangladesh, India, backed by the Soviet Union feared invasion. According to declassified US records, its sovereignty and territorial Bangladesh for Western support he received assurances from the United States. Due to a dispute over the sharing of water into the construction of the Farakka barrage in India ye’iniduši, 1977, the dispute was returned by the bilateral agreement of 1976, the United Nations and led Bangladesh to seek intervention.


(Popular known as Zia) lt Gen Ziaur Rahman, Zia and his leadership political passions were trying to give democratic legitimacy following the June 1978 presidential election and the president of the 21 Sayem Justice in April 1977, apparently from CMLA office. He is a center-right political party as the Bangladesh Nationalist (BNP) was established. Zia, the country's Muslim heritage with emphasis on the promotion of the rule of Bangladeshi nationalism and the idea of ​​inclusive national identity.


BNP and Awami a landslide majority in parliamentary elections League main opposition party gained and 1979, were to remain in class. His Zia, Prime Minister of the former East Pakistani political and diplomatic appointed Shah Azizur Rahman. It also lifted the ban on Jamaat- e-Islami.
President Zia, free markets again in the constitution, "economic and social justice" as redefined socialism and the Muslim majority countries, with emphasis on regional cooperation and unity in South Asia, a Foreign Policy magazine.


Zia Bangladesh has achieved rapid economic and industrial growth under his leadership. The government made the first export processing zones in the country. This is a popular food-for-work program undone collectivization of farms operated and promoted private sector development.
Bangladesh increased anti-communist protest against the Soviet invasion saw a profile of President Zia strongly in Afghanistan.


Colonel Abu Taher was killed when an ally Zia tried for treason, including an air force.His, the government attempted a coup Twenty-faced. In the same chances, knowing that the armed forces had met many rivals. In 1981 Zia after the mutiny army chief General Hussain Muhammad Ershad and bar on May 30, 1981, but was killed in the legal loyal soldiers stormed Major General Abul Manzoor in Chittagong, the last coup attempt resulted in death.

4. Sattar manager

Zia was replaced by Vice President Abdus Sattar. President Sattar and his rival Kamal Hossain, although the expiry of allegations of vote, in 1981, gave a famous during the presidential election. Cabinet reshuffles Sattar's presidency and the vice president was forced resignation and that of the ruling BNP, in the debate on bek’eduyenu Nurul Huda. National Security Council, also because of the age and health problems suffered Burma.Sattar north India and Bengal in anti-Muslim violence was established.

In 1982 Bangladesh coup tested Sattar, president of the Bangladesh military and civilian government.The food shortage, the reasons behind the coup that deposed cited corruption and economic mismanagement.

5. Second and martial law administrator Ershad

Nur Hossain, a supporter of President Ershad-democracy demonstrator was shot dead in security forces
Sattar chief justice and a FM Ahsanuddin Chowdhury replaced. Hussain Mohammad Ershad proclaimed martial law, Lieutenant General; Chief Martial Law Administrator and. He said the Council of Ministers and Deputy President of the martial law administrators appointed as the Navy and Air Force chiefs. Ershad anti-Soviet yekomunišitu geared more toward the Bangladesh foreign policy.

In 1983, President Ershad assumed. Ershad was widespread political repression under the military's rule of law. However, government devolution A particular benefit, administrative reforms implemented a series. Sixty-eight districts of the country was divided into four districts. The upazila system was created.

His government ownership of most of the measures were owned by investors in the economy (industry to 70% of the public), and encouraging private investment in the light of the heavy industries, with manufacturing, raw materials, and newspapers. As well as foreign companies were invited to invest in Bangladesh in the industry, and it is a place to keep protectionist measures to save on manufacturing.


Corruption and political agitation, the death penalty with all political parties and trade unions provided for, was being suspended.
Bangladesh serious economic problems, as was the case in the fall of Ershad's rule in general, was considered a positive development. The country was facing major food shortages.


In addition, the government budget deficit of 4 billion takas heavy regions and the IMF said that Bangladesh would give more debt until the loan had been paid down some. In 1984, most of the time, according to military law Ershad sought the participation of opposition parties in local elections. Opposition refuses to participate in E, however, Ershad was forced to abandon those plans. The National Electoral leadership in March 1985, Ershad regime was seeking public support in an.


Public participation, although small, has won countless homeless. Two months later, Ershad held elections for local council chairmen. Pro-government candidates in setting up the President's ambitious decentralization program activity, won the majority of the posts. At the beginning of 1986, including the right to political life more large public demonstrations, and more political rights were restored in the liberalized.


 At the same time, the Jatiya (National) Party, President Zia by Ershad's political transition from a military vehicle, the law's widow, Begum Khaleda Zia, led by BNP, a strike, had been on the parliamentary elections scheduled in May 1986, was established.Despite.
The measure won the majority of seats in the National Assembly by 300 elected Jatiya Party.


The daughter of the late President Mujib Awami League-led participation son, Sheikh Hasina on charges of widespread voting irregularities, although election lent some credibility Wajed-.
Army Staff General Ershad isolated and October presidential elections scheduled to retire from military service arrangement.


Still influenced by martial law, as opposed to the BNP and the AL, both refused to tolerate opposing candidates. Ershad easily by taking 84% of the vote, the remaining candidates outdistanced. Ershad's government claimed 50% of issues, including opposition leaders, and foreign press, but much, much lower percentage of voting irregularities, charges and estimated.


Ershad expressed continued commitment to lift martial law. In November 1986, his government mustered the necessary two-thirds majority to amend the Constitution on the rule of law, and military action in the past to ensure that the National Assembly. The government hastily local administrative and military representation to include the controversial law pushed through the bill and then elected president in July 1987, the opposition parties was lifted martial law, however, took the chair of the National Assembly.


In, the opposition walked out of parliament. Article tool to quickly gather in Bangladesh opposition parties for the first time, helped spark an opposition movement that gathered momentum. State prison, but in 1974 this country special powers Act to arrest opposition activists and results, the opposition parties continued to organize protests and nationwide strikes. After declaring a state of emergency, Ershad dissolved in March 1988, Parliament was scheduled to fresh elections.


He refused to participate in government overtures to all the main opposition parties, the government and a free Waiting, these facilities can not comment on the conduct of fair elections. Although the opposition strike, the government continued. The ruling Jatiya Party won 300 seats to 251. While still an illegitimate parliament as opposition, in June 1988, including an appointment as sessions held, and passed a number of bills;


The main panel of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh to set up Islamic religion and government is preparing a controversial constitutional amendment towns outside Dhaka. Islam remains the state religion, but the Supreme Court has struck down a provision category decentralizing the Supreme Court.


In 1989, seemed to be a silent partner in the political situation in the country. The local council elections international observers generally considered less violence and more than a free and fair choice is possible. However, Ershad regime protests the repeated general strikes, increased campus protests, public demonstrations, and the total disintegration of law and order began to climb back, change at the end of 1990.

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THE HISTORY OF THE ITALY

OVERVIEW

History shows that anatomically modern Italy 43,000 years ago, humans inhabited evidence from the Monte Poggiolo.Italy begins with the arrival of the first hominins in 850,000 years ago. This is to be reached as early 6000-5500 BC Cardium pottery ware and so moved as the Neolithic. 

Perhaps the Italian descendants of the Bronze Age and Iron Age people in the Italic Indo-Europeans equal to 1500 BC begins with the arrival of speakers; At first, side by side Italic culture, however, was the 8th time, so prevalent in the north of Italy, in the south-central Italy, Celts Etruscan civilization and the Greek colony 5th century BC.

Italic people would come to dominate the Gulf, with the first Latins in Latium region and Latin 3rd century BC, the Roman conquest in Italy. The Roman Republic and later in Italy under the Roman Empire for several hundred years, and also the adoption, at the end of the 4th century and established a state religion, culture and civilization in Western Europe, including the expansion as a follower of Christianity.

5th century, is taken to mark the end of the Late Antiquity end to the decline and fall of the Western Empire. Parts of the peninsula in the 11th century under Byzantine rule, and until you have been affected, although a Lombard kingdom of Italy, was formed. The medieval city-states, and especially the powerful republics of the rise of political fragmentation, but because it has become the kingdom of Lombard, Francia Finally, the Bible has been added to the Roman Empire.

 Finally, after the disastrous Italian wars, the Gulf of early modern Europe, divided among the major foreign governments in Austria and Spain, and later fell under Napoleon I of France, the Papal States, the Holy See's control over being reduced in Rome.

The rise of nationalism and the nation state in the 19th century with the idea that, at the end of the peninsula were unified in the 19th century. The new government was established in 1861 in Italy, the Mediterranean coast and quickly modernize parts of Africa, and countries colony, built a large colonial rule. However, the young nation of many regions (especially South) Italian diaspora to come, remained rural and poor. 

World War II Allied powers of the victory, Italy's historical enemy, defeated Austrian Empire. Benito Mussolini in the hands of fascists, and set up a more authoritarian dictatorship, but soon after, fell on the liberal state and social unrest. Finally, in 1945, Fascist Italy, with the faction victory over the spring, ensnared in a bloody civil war in 1943, joined the Axis powers during World War II.

In 1946, the results of a constitutional referendum was abolished monarchy. The New Republic was proclaimed on June 2, 1946 in the 1950's and 1960's, Italy's quick and smart and sustainable economic growth, the so-called economic miracle, I saw an Italian. When he returns to the country, the western democratic governments of international politics, (later the European Union has constituted) in the European Economic Community, the United Nations, NATO, the G7 Economic Co- operation and Development Organization joined. Italy plays an important role in regional and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs.

PRE HISTORY

Valcamonica, Lombardy in the Mesolithic petroglyph. Ancient petroglyphs, the largest collection in the world (10th millennium BC).

Ancient times, the Italian peninsula was rather different from the form. During the last ice age, Elba, Sicily islands are connected to the land. Gargano Peninsula, in what is now started and is now humid climate with fertile plains of the Bay of Venice from the Adriatic Sea, was much less.

The first hominins seen in the archaeological discoveries dating to the arrival of a Homo neanderthalensis Poggiolo.The Monte between about 850,000 years ago was found. 50,000 years ago (Late Pleistocene). Homo sapiens sapiens appeared during the Upper Palaeolithic.

The oldest modern human remains found anywhere else in Europe, Grotta del Cavallo earlier in November that from 1964 was unearthed Neanderthal baby teeth, Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator on what was thought to be the unit tests conducted in 2011, was featured in England, dating later prehistoric age 43,000 and between 45,000 years have been found in ago.Remains Liguria, Lombardy (stone shapes in Valcamonica) and Sardinia (nuraghe) from. The most famous, perhaps, is that Ötzi Iceman, a hunter with a mountain of ice on Similaun dating in South Tyrol, the Mother. In 3000 BC (Bronze Age).

Monte d'is an archaeological site located in Sardinia, Italy, in the northern Sassari Porto Torres near the pyramid of Accoddi range. 4th millennium BC.

At that time, a complex device with the southern Alps (Trentino-Alto Adige in a range between) Ötzi the oldest in the world, Mom. 4th millennium BC.

During the Bronze Age, Indoeuropean people are refugees from Italy. Approximatively north to the mountains of the people have been identified in four waves. The first Indoeuropean migration of copper smithing, who imported the public since the mid--3 rd millennium BC occurred in the area. The Po Valley took the Remedello culture. The second wave of immigration at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC to the end of Grade 3, in Tuscany, in the plains of rivers, Beaker Culture and with the use of copper smithing identified with the tribes on the coast and Sardinia, Sicily occurred in the Bronze Age.

-2 Middle of the second millennium BC, a third wave of civilization and Apenninian black earth (terremare) long served local farmers fertilizing needs of this settlement mounds, associated with the residue from which the name comes from the Terramare culture came. Compared with the increase of the Neolithic can not be sure that people Terramare comparative work. There were still hunters, but had animals at home; Casting mold clay bricks in stone and bronze, were properly skillful metallurgists; They beans, vine, wheat and flax cultivation were agriculturists.

In the late Bronze Age, the beginning of the 1st millennium BC to the end of the 2nd millennium, related to the Central European Urnfield culture of a fourth wave, the birth of the Villanovan culture ,, metal-working Italian peninsula was brought to him. Ānigefe- villanovans practiced cremation and the ashes buried their dead in a double-cone-shaped clay šešik’emit’echewi.

 Overall, the birth was focused on the section of Villanovan villages in northern-central Gulf. Further south, Campania, inhumation Salerno (Agro Picentino be conserved in the museum) and the recent sharp Pontecagnano on Consilina "High grave" on the overall system, the birth and in the area where the body was identified at the funeral Capua villanovan.

EARLY MODERN ITALY  (1559 1814) 

• Early in the modern history of Italy that was due to foreign domination and economic recession. 

• Still, I saw the Italian Wars (1559 to 1494 on) the following, first in Italy (1713 to 1559) under the Habsburg Spain, then under some important cultural and scientific achievements of Habsburg in Austria (1796 to 1713), relative peace for a long time.

• During the time of the Napoleonic, Italy, France and the invasion of several client governments involved.

• (1814) Congress in Vienna, however, was quickly overturned the Italian union movement, acting on the end of the 18th century, the situation has been restored.

1. In the 17th century,

Bubonic plague, or Black Death, 1656, from a doctor for protection clothing.

In a sign of the 17th century was a time of deep political and social changes in the violence in Italian history. These include the Spanish peninsula impact on the ground, as well as the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church and the Catholic Church on the edge of the power of the Counter Reformation as a response, the Protestant Reformation. Physics and Astronomy as a baroque architecture and painting in the style of a thriving field of Galileo on the findings as important artistic and scientific discoveries, but Italy suffered the general economic downturn.

Effective, Italy Like Cristopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano after giving birth, as some of the best browsers, the discovery of the New World to the west shfting center of gravity in Europe has been the importance of Venice and other Italian ports of commercially voting is also Atlantic.In Italian division to its property tax on part of the money needed for the thirty years War in Spain (1618-48), a great Italian commercial agriculture drained; Spain denied, so that (for example, in connection with the 1647 tax Neapolitan "Masaniello in Revolt») and conflicts and the spread of violence, which dragged down with the Italian domains.

The Black Death came back to haunt me throughout the century Italy. Northern Italy, the plague that ravaged 1630, particularly in Milan and Venice, perhaps a million lives, or to claim 25% of the population. 1656 plague Naples.Historians (in economic activity, and thus,) Italian cities, people on the high reduction of 43% of the population believe the government has struck a major commercial and political centre.By as a contribution to defeating Italy in 1500, the total domestic production in Italy, France, 106 % while only 75% by value, 1700.

2. In the 18th century,

The Spanish succession war (1701-14) and Philip on the entire Spanish heritage who fixed Spain, Charles II, Anjou, Duke, King Louis XIV, the second child last Habsburg king was triggered by the death of France. The Savoy in Europe, Austria, England, because of the presence of the Dutch Republic and other minor powers of a partnership than a French hegemony threat (which entered the Duchy) The Hague.

Sicily to lek’ek’echi was successfully Alliance, Austria, Spain, from war and "two crowns Party" Franco-Spanish victory, and the subsequent agreement in Utrecht and Rastatt, Italy (Milan, Naples and Sardinia) saw the most control Duchy of Savoy. However, Spain, Italy and doubled in the regions inidiyešimeliši Union (1718-1720) War in an attempt to re-claim on the French throne, but was again defeated. Duke of Savoy Victor Amadeus II of life was known as the King of Sardinia, the island of Sardinia, for, while The Hague agreed to exchange Sicily because of an agreement with Austria, Spain, Italy agreed to its claim to leave.

3. The Age of Napoleon

In Italy, almost 18 at the end of the 16th century were in the same political situation in the century; Major differences in the scale of foreign forces after the war in a series of Spanish Austria were replaced as Spain (This is incorrect about Naples and Sicily), and the chiefs of Savoy (Italy and France, among the mountainous region) now bešeridiniye and their property, including the Italian Piedmont region of North West , adding they were the kings of Sardinia.

This situation (they are anti-revolutionary puppet-ruler had occurred and where) the first union to abandon Sardinia, Italy invaded the purpose of forcing Austria and Italy to withdraw from the French military under Napoleon chaotic Italy, 1796, by the blowing. The first fight came on April 9 between France and Piedmontese; Only Victor Amadeus III was forced to sign an Armistice Sardinia within two weeks. On May 15, then entered the French general was welcomed as free as a legislative Milan. Back, then beat Austrian counterattacks off and walk, he arrived in 1797. Here Veneto Veronese Easters, an act of rebellion against the oppression of the French, Napoleon week tied down, has occurred.

1797-99 French Revolution, Napoleon, Italy, often in the name of victory. He reinforced the old units and Austria's content differed. He completely new series of republics, set up with the old feudal rights law and hesitant of new codes. Napoleon was focused on Milan's Cisalpine Republic. It is attracting it to the Ligurian Republic and the Republic of Genoa, while the city. The pope himself had holdings in the pope of the Roman Republic, when he was sent to France. Established in the Republic of Naples, Naples, but coalition forces, the enemy was only continued for five months before recaptured.

In 1805, the viceroy and the king himself with a stepson, Italy and formed the government. In addition, the Batavian Republic, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the Helvetic Republic and returned to. All of these were French satellites new countries; Paris to pay large subsidies, as well as to Napoleon's wars and military support. Theirs was a modern political and administrative system, introduced a system of benchmarks, and decreased trade obstacles. Jewish ghettos were abolished. Belgium and France are the main parts of the Piedmont.

In 1805, a combination of a third victory in the French and Italian Pressburg peace after Napoleon invaded them in the Republic of Italy and the Kingdom of labeling, Veneto and Dalmatia have gone lost. Also that year, a second satellite status, the Ligurian Republic (Genoa successor of the Old Republic), was influenced by merging with France. In 1806, the Kingdom of Naples conquered meše- Carrara Guastalla and princes outside his signing with Elisa and Paolina, Joachim Murat, from the (1808) and then gave it to his brother. In 1808, the government Marche and Tuscany, Italy annexed.

In 1809, for the first time Bonaparte of France Savona, then took his case to the Pope was deplored efficiently; The pope, who,For example, comparisons with, to keep occupied Rome.

After Russia, the EU and other territories themselves having to re-Murat with the Italian corporate and territories, among the first, to be abandoned after cooperating with Austria.Defeated in Paris on April 6, 1814, to renounce the throne in Leipzig War, Napoleon's victory over Napoleon was sent into exile on Elba, and . 

(1814) in Vienna for the Congress (and in the North East), Austria, Italy sincerity of 1795 that recent case, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the two Sicilies to the government (in the south of Sicily, Lombardy) Restoration of Tuscany, the Papal States, and between the states and other microorganisms. However, as Venice and Genoa was to create republics like an old, went to Austria, Venice, Genoa and Sardinia Kingdom.

Napoleon and France flight to return (the Hundred Days), I was able to get the support of Murat, but Murat Rimini with the proclamation that Napoleon was murdered and beaten and unable to convince the Italians to fight for. Thus, the Italian government fell, a lot of pre-Napoleonic return to Italy with sovereigns lost when they returned, they began. 

(Savoy went on to create a state) as Sardinia, Lombardy, Veneto, Istria and Dalmatia have gone to Austria while he re-Piedmont, Genoa and beautiful, came together. Parma and Modena has re-established dukedoms-, and the Pope returned to the United States and the Kingdom of Naples Bourbons. Italy (1815-1835), when the restoration work in the political and social events, famous battles across the Italian peninsula to freedom triggers something very much in shape. All of this has resulted in Italy and Italian unity new government.

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THE HISTORY OF MOROCO

OVERVIEW

• Morocco Jebel Irhoud history and culture Taforalt on race issues, spans several millenia. This colonial times through independence and Almoravid dynasty, Idrisid since the establishment of the dynasty, and other Islamic polities to the formation of Mauretania and other ancient Berber kingdoms.

• Some of the area was home to two indigenous keturikochi, but archaeological evidence showed that, at least 400,000 years ago.The recorded in the history of Morocco in the 8th and 6th century BC, begins with the Phoenician coast of Morocco before hominids colonized area residents before a thousand years. 

• 5th century BC, the city-state of Carthage extended the hegemony in the coastal region.This was the time of the Roman Empire, he is attracting, 40 AD by the 3rd century BC, ruled over the region's indigenous Berber monarchs.Indigenous monarchy, while they remained there until the end of the 3 rd century BC. 

• In the mid-5th century AD, the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century recovered, was overrun by thugs.District beginning of the 8th century AD Muslim conquest, but a hundred years later, 740. half of the Berber Revolt, the Moroccan government Almoravid and Almohad dynasties Idrisid dynasty.

• Under to the establishment of the Umayyad caliphs away from the legs, Morocco, the Maghreb and Muslim Spain ruled. The people who were paid Saadi dynasty ruling dynasty in Morocco, beginning in 1667, followed by more than Alaouites, ruled from 1659 to 1549, from the country.

• In 1912, after the first Moroccan crisis and the crisis in Agadir, Morocco mockery of the agreement, French and Spanish protectorates to equity, was signed. 

• In 1956, 44 years after the French rule, Morocco regained independence from France, and soon the majority of the Spanish-controlled territories returned.

PRE HISTORY OF MOROCO

In the presence of Homo sapiens archaeological excavations were ancestral to Morocco, and showed the presence of early human species. 400,000-year-old grandfather, the first human fossils, the bones of at least 160,000 years old.In 2007 was found in 1991, were found on a number of Jabal Irhoud very early Homo sapiens found in 1971.
The small bone surgery in the sale of shell beads all over them in Taforalt are found, the earliest known evidence of 82,000 years of making any personal decoration.


Mesolithic period, from 20,000 to 5,000 years ago, Morocco Geographic is known villages in Morocco that time is now little more than a desert landscape.While more like grass; In other excavations in the Maghreb region also an abundance of game and suggested that Mesolithic hunters and collectors Capsian culture as forests may be the recipient.


This was followed by the Mesolithic Neolithic times, when the grass was occupied by hunters and shepherds. Regional climate change due to 5000 CE was prevalent in these Neolithic hunters and shepherds and culture began to desiccate.


Today, in the coastal regions of Morocco in the early Neolithic pottery culture Cardium shared in common to the whole Mediterranean region. Both elephants and cattle and crops and develop the archaeological excavations.to the Chalcolithic, or the idea that reached to the Beaker Culture Morocco NORTH COAST occurred in the region during the Copper Age.

1. Carthage (c 800 - 300 BC .. c)

The island of Mogador, Essaouira unearthed on red paper, 7th century BC, the Phoenicians plate. Mohammed Ben Abdallah Museum CD.
Morocco into the western Mediterranean, the Phoenicians before the coming of the 8th century BC on the coast, and shortly after traders Morocco.


Phoenician When the Messiah [for many centuries, the rule of foreign powers in the north?] Being set up to get to the salt mines and is currently among the Phoenicians depots coast when the rivers in the region Morocco.Major first-day villages Chellah, Lixus and the beginning of the 6th century BC Mogador.Mogador BCE is known that in a Phoenician colony of the people included.


5th century BC Carthage in North Africa posed many conditions across its hegemony. Carthage Interior has paid tribute to them to ensure their cooperation in trade, development, and exploitation of raw materials with the Berber tribes yearly.

2. Early Islamic Morocco (c 700 - c .. 1060)

In the 7th century CE The Muslim conquest began in the mid-Maghreb, the beginning of the 8th century was achieved. This area was brought to both the Arabic language and Islam. Although a large part of the Islamic Empire, Morocco, the first Muslim to be appointed by the governor with the local governors in Kairouan, Ifriqiya was organized as a sub-state.

Indigenous Berber tribes adopted Islam but remains common law. In addition to the new Muslim government taxes and taxes paid.

3. Berber Revolt (739 - 743)

740 AD, puritanical Kharijite agitators encouraging, indigenous Berber population revolted against the ruling Ummayad caliphs. The rebellion began among the Berber tribes in western Morocco; Spread rapidly in the region. This Kairouan doors or Damascus or the Abbasid insurrection petered in AD 742, before the Umayyad rulers in the successor regime, but they have to accept the re-enforce the locations on the west Ifriqiya.


Morocco in the west and went on to record their own version of Algeria.The keturikochi now But Tlemcen and Tahert In addition, as Berghwata, Sijilmassa and Nekor as a small, independent Berber states passed a set of fragmented Surah out of control, Islam. Like others Berghwata construction of a new syncretic faith, some of Banu Ifran as radical Islam will remain with the Puritan sects.

4. Barghawata (- 1058 744)

To - allying with the Barghawatas Kharijite Sufri in Morocco on to the Umayyads Masmuda Berber ethnic violence, whether division.After Morocco, Berber groups were in the Atlantic Coast confederation, they were an isolated case (1058 AD 744) established Tarif al -Matghari under the direction of the width of the Atlantic coast between Safi and Tamesna on sale.

5. Sijilmassa (700s - 1300s)

The Western Sahara, a Berber trade routes from entrepot Sijilmassa. 1000-1500. Directories are a light shade of brown indicates.
Sijilmasa Moroccan Sahara was a medieval town, and entrepôt trade on the northern tip of the desert. Rissani Tafilalt oasis in a town near the border of the river Ziz five miles of the city lie the ruins. Berber dynasties in the city's history was marked by a series of multiple occupation. In the 14th century, to the west and north-Sahara trade route for those who like it was one of the most important business centers in the Maghreb Middle Ages.

6. Nekor Kingdom (710 - 1019)

Nekor emirate's government focused on the area RIF in Morocco. On the first major Temsaman, then moved Nekor. Saleh, a gun through the Abbasid caliphs gift I ibn was based on 710 AD. Under his leadership, the local Berber tribes adopted Islam, but later Nafza Zaydi tribe, one āzi- out of favor. They changed their minds on the service and Ibn Abbasid appointment. His dynasty, the Banu Salih, then ruled the area until 1019.

In 859, the Vikings defeated the power of the Moorish kingdom in which he attempted to interfere with the plunderings in the area Nekor a 62-strong team to the ship, they were subject to. After a stay in Morocco for eight days, the Vikings went to Spain continued to the east coast.

7. Idrisid Dynasty (789 - 974)

In the 9th century in Idrisid Karaouine in Fes al-established dynasty School ,.
The Moroccan government Idrisid first dynasty Idrisids some historians believe to be the founders, Idriss I, founder of the 788, the great-grandson Hassan ibn Ali Named after the 974. This was under the rule of the gun to be done in Muslim Morocco.


Fatimid, Surah Zenata polities (c 900 -. 1060. c)
Fatimid dynasty reached the Maghreb, this results were disappointing in the early 900s. Shortly after a pledge authority in Ifriqiya Fatimids mockery of both victory and Sijilmassa, Morocco invaded. Fatimid rulers of Morocco, Idrisid loyalists, al-Andalus Umayyad battle all the new Puritan groups, and with the interventionists, after the fragmented.


Local buyers an opportunity to sell high bidder to support their re-sold. Fatimid caliph al-Muizz on 965 succeeded in Morocco last invaded and establishing some order. Shortly thereafter, however, with a new capital in the Fatimids in Cairo, Egypt, changed into their territory to the east.


The Fatimids, one centered on the lordship of view Zirids, Ifriqiya west of Zenaga Berber ethnic group, were assigned to. The Zirids, however, as a mockery to the Caliph of Cordoba in Maghrawa and customers in the region, most of them, their spinning out of control and local Zenata Berber chiefs were unable to prevent the collection of indirect weaker opponents to Morocco, to the east and to the Banu Ifran.

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THE HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA

OVERVIEW

40,000-60,000 people have been in Australia. Married people in what is now Australia, Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders.Aborigines first thing islands of Indonesia were now came in the boat. They were living in all parts of Australia. They had very little interest in their lives; It was easy. These hunting, fishing and gathering together, lived in the Spirit.

Aborigines tools to Boomerang and armor invented, but it was a farm. The tradition was very important in their lives. Their religion, the spirits of the world, a lot of desire, called for the stories. Aboriginal art began at least 30,000 years ago; There are many stories on Dreaming Painted on the wall is cut in the rocks around Australia. Aboriginal music for the songs, said some local didigerido with a special device.

In 1606, the first European, Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon (1571-1639), Torres same year. Australia and Papua had sailed to westde visited Dirk Hartog 1616 only after the accident on the west coast in waters between New Guinea and visit other European vessels off the coast map. sixty more ships visited the coast, was enough to land because the map was published in 1811. Crude rain; Some people had come to the desert. I thought the browsers may have yielded no crop was very difficult to live there. They keep no economic reasons, I decided to apply.

In 1642, Dutchman Abel balloon, the Dutch East Indies Company, which is working Diemenslandt Anthony van he Tasmania, have reached. Then he called to the 1644 Inlet on the northern shore of New Holland on a second tour in the continent. In 1688, privateer William Dampier was the first Englishman to reach Australia. 

But in 1770, the English navigator, Captain James Cook, the fertile east coast of Australia was not found. He is the first time in Australia in January, 1814, published on the map called the New South Wales coast, and Matthew Flinders Britain.Englishman as claimed by the name after authorities officially approved.

HISTORY

1. Colonial Australia

Melbourne in the Victorian Parliament ,.

British prison colony decided to use the land as Captain Cook visited. British criminals within its gaols were full and would have lost the American colonies in the War of Independence as the United States; Because (theft and other crimes, people who were sent to jail) were in need of a place to send. In 1788, 11 ships carrying about 1,500 people, the first British ships arrived at Sydney. Arthur Phillip, the first governor of New South Wales led. In 1868, about 160 000 free over refugees began arriving in the 1790s, until the criminals were brought to Australia in 1788.

They had no food the first few years, and life was very difficult. But soon they began farming, and more people came. Sydney risk, and we started new cities. Wool brought good money. By 1822, people from many towns and cities were set up often visited Sydney for more economic resources.

Shortly thereafter, Sydney, Australia and other parts of the men were found. George Bass and Matthew Flinders Hobart Tasmania in the south began in 1803. Hamilton Hume and William Hovell colony and sailed in Sydney and south of the country. Murray River in Victoria, and found good ground. Thomas Mitchell went downtown, and more rivers were found. In 1826, the first British military outpost was set up in King George Sound in Western Australia. The Swan River in Perth and Fremantle on townsites with the state, began in 1829.

In 1836, a free-settler colony where ever he had sent no criminals in South Australia. Australia on cities and farms, Aboriginal people spread their colony in 1859. Queensland were pushed off the land. Some killed, and many died of disease and starvation. Shortly thereafter, they were outnumbered by Australian Aborigines and Europeans; He was to live on a large collection.

New South Wales and Victoria, Australia, South East goldrushes gold.The people across the industry grew and made a lot of resources and a large number of people going to find a skull began in 1851. In 1853 goldrushes some poor people was very rich.

The 1840s and ended in 1850, and further changes came extradition of transportation. What do you tell people in Australia, but he wanted to run their own country, London. The first governments in the colonies was chosen governors held in London. Shortly thereafter, the local government and the settlers wanted more democracy. The New South Wales Legislative Council, created to advise the Governor of New South Wales in 1825, but was chosen by voters. 

William Wentworth New South Wales Government for 1835 Democratic Patriotic Association (the political party) established in Australia in Australia. In 1840, the start of the Adelaide City Council and the Sydney City Council; Some people (men only, but with a certain amount of money) can vote.

At that time, Australia with some restrictions on who can vote the first parliamentary elections, held in 1843 in New South Wales house legal counsel. New South Wales; Victoria; South Australia Tasmania.In legal advice for the 1850 elections, the constitution also allowed the Kingdom of the Australian colonies in Victoria; South Australia and Tasmania had been in the colony.

In 1855, New South Wales limited self-government; Victoria; South Australia and Tasmania, was in London. New secret ballots allow people to vote privately, 1856 in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia was being preached. This system was copied around the world. In 1855, the right to vote in South Australia has been given to all people over 21.

 Other colonies soon be given a voice in parliament followed.Women 1895 South Australia; And for the first time in the world and women are allowed to stand for election. In 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate.

All the Australian continent had begun to parliamentary democracy. But the louder voices come from a country with a national parliament was to get all of them.

Australia refers to the history of the area and the history of the Commonwealth of Australia and the first colonial and indigenous peoples' organizations. 

Aboriginal Australians are the first of 40,000 to 70,000 years ago is believed to have reached the sea by the Maritime Southeast Asia, the Australian mainland. They established artistic, musical and spiritual traditions are traditions alive among the longest in the history of mankind.

Europeans first known landing Twenty-nine other Dutch sailors in Australia in the 17th century in the west and the south coast in 1606. The Dutch navigator Willem was explored by Janszoon: continent known as New Holland. Macassan trepangers perhaps even earlier, after 1720, visited Australia's northern shores.

 In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook Inlet on the east coast of Great Britain, Australia and tags (now Sydney) Botany Bay, and returned with a copy of the colony of New South Wales, followed by the other European explorers.

British ships arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788 to establish a military repealed the original colony. After century, British and other colonies established on the continent, and European explorers because of its internal to. Indigenous Australians had weakened a number of diseases introduced during this period and continued conflict with the colony.

Brought prosperity gold rushes and agricultural industries. Gas parliamentary democracy since the mid-19 th century began to be established in all the six British colonies. The sound of a referendum on unity in 1901, the colonial federation, and modern Australia came creature. Australia fought on the side of Britain in two world wars and during World War II Imperial Japan's long-standing ally and a threat to the United States.

Increased trade with Asia and the post-war immigration program received more than 6.5 million immigrants from all continents. At the end of World War II, supported by people from more than 200 countries, immigration, the population in 2014 from 23 million up there, and the world's 12th largest economy and national support.

IMPACTOF EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT

• 1826 Portrait of the Aboriginal explorer and diplomat in the British Bungaree dressed in Sydney.Main article: Australian border wars.

• Europeans first known landing Twenty-nine other Dutch sailors in Australia in the 17th century in the west and the south coast in 1606. 

• The Dutch navigator Willem was explored by Janszoon: continent known as New Holland.Macassan trepangers navigator captain, James Cook inhabitants.He Botany conducting negotiations with a back copy with existing accounts in the colony Bay, 1770 Britain after claiming for the 1720 Australian beaches of the northern coast of eastern Australia, possibly followed earlier.

• Other European explorers visited (now in Sydney ), New South Wales.The first governor, Arthur Phillip, the early settlers and colonial policy was clearly a friendship and good relations with the interaction between Aborigines and the whole is very different from the old landowners session early interlocutors Bennelong and Sydney by Bungaree shown owl, Perth and Sydney Pemulwuy around the region Windradyne, and Yagan is the hostility.

• Bennelong and a companion of King George III, they met in Europe, to sail or to the first Australians. Matthew Flinders reservation on Bungaree Australia's first circumnavigation. Pemulwuy 1790, a white castle was first charged with murder, and Windradyne in the Blue Mountains on the other side of the early British expansion was formed.

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