THE HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN

OVERVIEW

Afghanistan, writing, history (Persian: تاریخ افغانستان, Tārīkh e Afġānistān), Pashto: د افغانستان area, but the Achaemenid Empire during تاريخ, de Afġānistān Tārīkh), around 500 BC traced back to the root of urban culture with a number of sites being higher degrees , BCE.The the Indus Valley Civilization many parts of northern Afghanistan from 3000 to 2000, stretched out on the ground suggests that the Macedonian army came and known.


Alexander the great Greco-Bactrians, Mauryas, Kushans, Hindu Shahi, Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Timurids after the conquest of Persia in Afghanistan, including 330 BC, during the war Gaugamela.Since what is now Afghanistan, many governments have built capital, Mughals, Hotakis and Durranis.


( "Land of the Afghans") is Afghanistan history.The country .Sitting on many important strategic business throughout the region, "to the Mediterranean Sea to China, which has served as a gateway of trade was carried out" impinging, India, on the ancient silk road and migration routes, Afghanistan the "Tarim Basin in Central Asia roundabout'since routes to the far East through the Hindu Kush from the Indus valley through tickets, stream from the Middle East can be called from Europe and the Steppe.

The classical manifestation of inido- ago to divide the different language groups of Iranians (Aryans) is generally seen as the Andronovo culture in today's Afghanistan to the north. It was one of those people who populate the Iranian branch of languages; Aghanistan is one of the Pashto language eastern Iranian languages ​​spoken today. Elena E. argue that from the Iranian-speaking nomadic tents Kuz'mina Afghanistan in the light of the steppe belt in Europe in the Bronze Age site houses.


Arab invasions of Afghanistan and culture, and the influence of Zoroastrianism, Macedonia, Buddhist and Hindu past its pre-Islamic times, it disappeared for a long time. Ghaznavids and Timurids as-Turkic empire builders, as he is now called Afghanistan an area of ​​great importance.


Ahmad Shah Durrani unified ye’āfigeni Mirwais Hotak tribes and the subsequent Anglo-Afghan War CE.Afghanistan sovereignty, held in 1980 during the Soviet War in the early 18th century, the Afghans, the last government was formed, and in 2001 many of the country's war-are now different people, the Pashtuns , Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Aimak, Baloch and others. The Pashtuns of ancient Israel or Qais Abdur Rashid seeds inidinek’wak’umi thing to say, but we are the largest group of scholars under the Pashtunwali a man they believe that they are already a confederation of different people.

PREHISTORY

• Badghis province in northern Afghanistan, Afghan nomads in tents. At first came into existence in Afghanistan peasant farming villages and 7,000 years ago.

• 800 stone tools and bones of a Neanderthal temporary right to recover along with the whole 1966 Darra- G. Curie, Louis Dupree in the prehistoric sites and other excavations, ancient people say that lived in what is now Afghanistan at least 52,000 years ago.

• Upper Paleolithic affecting Cara contains carbon-14 is designed in a cave 34,000 years as Kamar.Among the earliest farming communities in Afghanistan world.Archaeologists in the back as 50,000 BC to have evidence of human habitation in Afghanistan. 

• Antiques indigenous people and small local governments increased and fell with the times, perhaps too small farmers and herdsmen grouped in tribes, show that. Town early as 3000 BC Since it may be.

• Zoroastrian religion as an area predominated; Even modern Afghan shows the influence of Zoroastrianism in the solar calendar months name. Other religions, such as Buddhism and Hinduism flourished after leaving a major mark in the region. 

• Although not in the same geographic Kandahar today, and ancient Gandhara Gandhara, the Hindukush mountains and Sulaiman (Solomon since ancient yevediki located between the mountains) and the name of the capital city.

• The early inhabitants, around 3000 BC, the Indus Valley civilization and Tappeh Sialk and Jiroft as neighboring was likely to have been linked through trade with the culture and civilizations. 

• 3000 BC as the first urban civilization Since it may be, and (Kandahar near) the beginning of the city known for the first time Mundigak Iranians were inido- nearby Indus Valley Civilization.The was a colony, but some still have their day has come, according to 3000 BCE 1500 BCE It is estimated that up widely. (See Indo-minted persecution for more details.)

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CANGO AND THE SOVIET WAR

Presidential palace in Kabul Government, after a Marxist revolution on April 28, 1978, one day outside.

April 28, 1978, the day after the Marxist revolution.

27 April 1978 on, Nur Mohammed Taraki, Babrak Karmal and Amin Taha directs the PDPA, blood all military coup was executed along with his family members Mohammad Daoud, overthrew the government. Became known as the Saur Revolution to the coup. On May 1, Taraki, President, and Chief Secretary of the Prime Minister and the PDPA. Then the country Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) is labeled, and the PDPA regime until April 1992, stayed in some form or another.

In March 1979, Hafizullah Amin was Field Marshal position and retaining the Supreme Defense Council, Vice President, Prime Minister. Taraki as president and army remained in control. 14 September, Amin was killed Taraki, tables. Amin "I recognize the power of the only dry Afghans." Says Afghanistan expert, wrote Amin Saikal: "As his powers grow, so it looks like a personal dictatorship ... is a vision based on the revolutionary process of craving and terror."

Once in power, PDPA, a liberal and practical merikišišiti- Leninist agenda. Merikišišiti- moved to replace the secular and religious and cultural laws with those Leninist. Men, women could not wear a chador was required to cut their beards, and mosques were placed off limits. The PDPA, a number of reforms on women's rights and women's rights situation did voice recognition, and political life, introducing women, forced marriage ban. A famous example was the major Marxist leader and Ratebzad Anahita was a member of the Revolutionary Council. "Women's rights, it should have the rights of future generations to build healthy equal educational background, job security, health services, and free time, said Ratebzad This popular New Kabul Times editorial (May 28, 1978) wrote of teaching ... and enlightening women is now close government attention to the subject.

"The PDPA also. The USSR also usury.The PDPA economic infrastructure (predominantly a rare mineral exploration and mining, and natural gas) has invited the Soviet Union to help modernize the country prohibited moved to introduce socialist reforms being carried out and state atheism.They In addition, roads, hospitals and schools and build wells drilled ;. sent to contractors who also trained and qualified Afghan military to PDPA's ascension, and DRA to deal with, the Soviet Union at a cost of at least $ 1.262 billion in financial assistance.

At the same time: PDPA imprisoned, tortured, or the cultural elite, the religious establishment, thousands of members were killed, and some 10,000 government intelligentsia.The killing 27,000 people and 14,000 to 20,000 more arrested, launched a campaign of violence and oppression; If you usually pull-e-Charkhi prison.In important PDPA leadership in December 1978, would allow the PDPA military support in Afghanistan, which has signed an agreement with the Soviet Union.

In most cities, including Kabul were either paid or welcome to the heart of these policies. However, the government did merikišišiti- Leninist and unpopular with the majority of the population dependent on ye’āfigeni human nature and the Soviet Union. Large parts of the country, entered into open rebellion, particularly in rural areas in the new Repressions merikišišiti- Leninist government. By the spring of 1979, 24 out of 28 Afghan provinces was unrests, including major urban areas.

There ye’āfigeni between the armies of more than half, or refused to desert or join the insurrection. Most of the new government's policies approved by divided government, with one of the new religion on tribally a qualified only by the forces of the nation's population, and about the coming of the Islamic involvement in Afghan politics, clashed directly with the Afghan Islamic commonly understood.

The Iranian Revolution, followed by the US, the government sought rapprochement with camelmen - a hope for the USSR, US Ambassador Adolph "spike" Dubs was killed in the Afghan security forces after that regime.In Kabul in February 1979, more than weakening the leverage gained acceptance in the Soviet burst in and abducted him. The United States and bilateral aid is reduced and a small military training program has been terminated.

The Parcham faction enhance, the Red Army and the Soviet Union decided to intervene on December 24, 1979, when it invaded its southern neighbor. Parcham faction over 100,000 Soviet troops and 100,000 Afghan military men and another was accompanied by supporters, which took part in the invasion. Meanwhile, Hafizullah Amin was killed; Replaced Babrak Karmal.

All remaining US aid after the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan agreements ended. Following the Soviet invasion, the United States supported the diplomatic efforts to achieve a Soviet withdrawal. In addition, a significant role in efforts to help refugees and refugee programs in Pakistan played the generosity of the American contribution to the Afghans.

In response to the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan in large part, Carter and Reagan administration in the United States manager Charlie Wilson and CIA officer Gust Avrakotos effort, began arming Mujahideen praise. Early reports were retrieved $ 6-20 billion in the US and Saudi Arabia but more recent reports that the United States and Saudi Arabia, two thousand FIM-92, I estimated that the cash and weapons in as close to $ 40 billion, including Stinger surface-to -āyeri missiles, building up Islamic groups against the Soviet Union. Pakistan's support for the United States handled the majority of the ISI.

The 10-year Soviet occupation of Pakistan and Iran, Afghans as refugees fled 6 million ye’āfigeni civilians.About 850,000 to 1,500,000 deaths, and more than 38,000 in the United States and the European Union also does a lot more. International pressure and both the Soviets withdrew Faced with mounting number of victims of the parties in 1989.

Through its withdrawal from Afghanistan to curb the oil-rich Persian Gulf area affected by three US presidential administrations were backed by Soviet Mujahideen some factions; This was seen as an ideological victory in the United States. The USSR until 1992, and continued to support President Mohammad Najibullah (former head of the Afghan secret service, KHAD).