THE HISTORY OF BANGLADES

OVERVIEW

Smart Bangladesh after breaking away and free from Pakistan to Bangladesh to achieve independence war in 1971, appeared as a separate independent nation. The country's borders coincide with the Chalcolithic civilization back more than four thousand years, the Indian subcontinent, where it is an integral part of the ancient and historical region in the eastern part of Bengal. It is closely tied to the region's history and the history of Bengal in India's history.


Pre-history of the local governments of India, a series of internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism stands out for supremacy. Sunni Islam missionaries came in from the 13 th century, gradually became dominant. Later, Muslim rulers mosque (mosques) and strengthened the process of changing the academic building.


Modern-Bangladesh border region of the newly formed government in Pakistan Radcliffe Line.However The following were established as part of East Pakistan began in August 1947, Bengali and Hindi partition; This 1,600 km west of Pakistan was separated from India range (994 miles).


Western male-wing political isolation due to political, ethnic and linguistic discrimination, and economic neglect, quaking popular civil disobedience after independence in 1971 led to the war of independence, the new state of famine, natural disasters and widespread poverty endured, as well as political turmoil and military coups. The restoration of democracy in 1991 has been followed by relative calm and economic growth.

People's Republic of Bangladesh

1. The provisional government

Bangladesh interim government was the first government of the country. April 17, 1971 to a provisional government was formed on Mujibnagar that its principles of "equality, human dignity and social justice is" declaring, issued a proclamation of independence and the constitution of temporary service. Tajuddin Ahmed and military chief of staff, was his Prime Minister, G-d was Osmani. Other important cabinet Syed Nazrul Islam, Muhammad Ali Abbasid included. The civil service in Pakistan and Bangladesh Civil Service with the newly formed defecting members.


In addition, among others, Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, Humayun Rashid Choudhury was a prominent diplomatic corps governed and Rehman Sobhan. The Bangladesh army Ziaur Rahman prominent figures, Khaled Mosharraf and K. D. eleven sector commanders of the Shafiullah included in these children included.


The provisional government in neighboring India, diplomatic, economic and military assistance provided. Calcutta was the capital of the exiled government. Make sure to end in December 1971, Indian military intervention in the war in the last two weeks, Pakistan.

2. Sheikh Mujib manager

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Prime Minister of Bangladesh Constitution Act of 1972, signed
Pakistan in the 1970 elections and formed the government for the first time in the post independence Awami League winner, which left wing ,, Bangladesh. Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Bangladesh on 12 January 1972, 2 PM and widely considered the founding father of the nation and the liberation hero. Under his rule, the nation-building was based on secular Bengali nationalist principles. Dr. Kamal Hossain bebenigiledēshi drafted the first constitution, in 1972, put the structure of the Democratic Republic of the parliamentary liberal with socialist influences.


International Forum on, Rahman and Indira Gandhi signed the Indian equivalent of friendship, cooperation and peace, the 25-year-old Indo-Bangladesh agreement. Bangladeshi Islamic Conference Organization, joined the Commonwealth of Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement:. Rahman talks with the US and Soviet leaders in Washington, DC, and was invited to Moscow. In 1974 Delhi Agreement, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and regional stability, and to share the work for peace. The agreement Trail Pakistan arrested Bengal officials and their families to return, as well as the establishment of diplomatic relations between Dhaka and paved between Islamabad. Japan to a new country and to help the provider.


Israel was one of the earliest countries to recognize Bangladesh, although the government in Dhaka strong returns in 1973 during the war between Israel and Egypt, supported by the Arab, Egypt 44 tanks.Many Eastern European countries, particularly Yugoslavia, East Germany and Poland Bangladesh with military talent, Bangladesh.The enjoyed excellent relations with the Soviet Union, Bangladesh air force Mig-21 aircraft, several squadrons needed.


Partner, Rahman's rule was becoming authoritarian. The Awami League Wrestling abuse was taking sole credit feelings pro-business and conservative forces, in a radical socialist Jashod in the insurgency, and awe. In 1974, the opposition to stop Rahman able to make a three-month state of emergency. He was accused of human rights violations which Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini, was formed. The Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini was distrusted by many in the Bangladesh army.


Economic, Rahman began on a nationalization program. Because of socialist economic planning. Soviet and Indian support failed to materialize in the desired number. 1974 was a major economic and food crisis and famine in Bangladesh. Due to the Government of Cuba to export jute Dhaka between police and sent for bebenigiledēshi US restrictions on food, have an important role in bringing the gain to blame the United States. The government, World Bank for help in time; They turned to IVF.


In January 1975, Sheikh Mujib, dissolved parliament established a one-party system in this state and is considered critical to the president special powers. A wide variety of political parties in itself an acronym BAKSAL known only legal national party- to Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League, was to have been merged. Most Bangladeshi newspapers, newspapers were banned, except for the four nationalized.


Sheikh Mujib quickly lost the support of most social groups in Bangladesh. War veterans free of civil rights and was angered by suppression of democracy. Sheikh Mujib's socialist policies to avoid economic meltdown people. Some historians and commentators have noted that in 1975 "the most hated man in bebenigiledēshi".
15 August 1975, a group of junior army and rebels, most of the family in a private residence in Dhaka, Sheikh Mujib was killed and.

3. military coup and presidential regimes

Queen Juliana of the Netherlands in 1979, and Princess Beatrix Ziaur Rahman, president of the
Sheikh Mujib to the coup leaders, the latest successor, Ahmed, vice president of Khondaker Mostaq installed. A staunch conservative, Ahmed, Bangladesh's first Prime Minister military and law; Tajuddin Ahmed, including many prominent Sheikh Mujib arrested in confidantes, promulgated. But the country's leaders, Ahmed made way for the future of the military junta Versus the Bangladesh Armed Forces leadership reshuffled 3 killed in November 1975.


Brigadier General Khaled Mosharraf lead a counter-coup on November 6, 1975, the president appointed as the Chief Justice, overturned Abu Ahmad as President Sadat Muhammad Sayem,. Mosharraf 7 November 1975, the army chief, Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman was killed by renegade soldiers at the hands of Abu Taher socialist, he served as vice president under martial law administrator Sayem 1976 appeared as the country's most powerful figure.


A new government in Dhaka, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and China recognized as dramatically under the stewardship unknowingly, Bangladesh, India, backed by the Soviet Union feared invasion. According to declassified US records, its sovereignty and territorial Bangladesh for Western support he received assurances from the United States. Due to a dispute over the sharing of water into the construction of the Farakka barrage in India ye’iniduši, 1977, the dispute was returned by the bilateral agreement of 1976, the United Nations and led Bangladesh to seek intervention.


(Popular known as Zia) lt Gen Ziaur Rahman, Zia and his leadership political passions were trying to give democratic legitimacy following the June 1978 presidential election and the president of the 21 Sayem Justice in April 1977, apparently from CMLA office. He is a center-right political party as the Bangladesh Nationalist (BNP) was established. Zia, the country's Muslim heritage with emphasis on the promotion of the rule of Bangladeshi nationalism and the idea of ​​inclusive national identity.


BNP and Awami a landslide majority in parliamentary elections League main opposition party gained and 1979, were to remain in class. His Zia, Prime Minister of the former East Pakistani political and diplomatic appointed Shah Azizur Rahman. It also lifted the ban on Jamaat- e-Islami.
President Zia, free markets again in the constitution, "economic and social justice" as redefined socialism and the Muslim majority countries, with emphasis on regional cooperation and unity in South Asia, a Foreign Policy magazine.


Zia Bangladesh has achieved rapid economic and industrial growth under his leadership. The government made the first export processing zones in the country. This is a popular food-for-work program undone collectivization of farms operated and promoted private sector development.
Bangladesh increased anti-communist protest against the Soviet invasion saw a profile of President Zia strongly in Afghanistan.


Colonel Abu Taher was killed when an ally Zia tried for treason, including an air force.His, the government attempted a coup Twenty-faced. In the same chances, knowing that the armed forces had met many rivals. In 1981 Zia after the mutiny army chief General Hussain Muhammad Ershad and bar on May 30, 1981, but was killed in the legal loyal soldiers stormed Major General Abul Manzoor in Chittagong, the last coup attempt resulted in death.

4. Sattar manager

Zia was replaced by Vice President Abdus Sattar. President Sattar and his rival Kamal Hossain, although the expiry of allegations of vote, in 1981, gave a famous during the presidential election. Cabinet reshuffles Sattar's presidency and the vice president was forced resignation and that of the ruling BNP, in the debate on bek’eduyenu Nurul Huda. National Security Council, also because of the age and health problems suffered Burma.Sattar north India and Bengal in anti-Muslim violence was established.

In 1982 Bangladesh coup tested Sattar, president of the Bangladesh military and civilian government.The food shortage, the reasons behind the coup that deposed cited corruption and economic mismanagement.

5. Second and martial law administrator Ershad

Nur Hossain, a supporter of President Ershad-democracy demonstrator was shot dead in security forces
Sattar chief justice and a FM Ahsanuddin Chowdhury replaced. Hussain Mohammad Ershad proclaimed martial law, Lieutenant General; Chief Martial Law Administrator and. He said the Council of Ministers and Deputy President of the martial law administrators appointed as the Navy and Air Force chiefs. Ershad anti-Soviet yekomunišitu geared more toward the Bangladesh foreign policy.

In 1983, President Ershad assumed. Ershad was widespread political repression under the military's rule of law. However, government devolution A particular benefit, administrative reforms implemented a series. Sixty-eight districts of the country was divided into four districts. The upazila system was created.

His government ownership of most of the measures were owned by investors in the economy (industry to 70% of the public), and encouraging private investment in the light of the heavy industries, with manufacturing, raw materials, and newspapers. As well as foreign companies were invited to invest in Bangladesh in the industry, and it is a place to keep protectionist measures to save on manufacturing.


Corruption and political agitation, the death penalty with all political parties and trade unions provided for, was being suspended.
Bangladesh serious economic problems, as was the case in the fall of Ershad's rule in general, was considered a positive development. The country was facing major food shortages.


In addition, the government budget deficit of 4 billion takas heavy regions and the IMF said that Bangladesh would give more debt until the loan had been paid down some. In 1984, most of the time, according to military law Ershad sought the participation of opposition parties in local elections. Opposition refuses to participate in E, however, Ershad was forced to abandon those plans. The National Electoral leadership in March 1985, Ershad regime was seeking public support in an.


Public participation, although small, has won countless homeless. Two months later, Ershad held elections for local council chairmen. Pro-government candidates in setting up the President's ambitious decentralization program activity, won the majority of the posts. At the beginning of 1986, including the right to political life more large public demonstrations, and more political rights were restored in the liberalized.


 At the same time, the Jatiya (National) Party, President Zia by Ershad's political transition from a military vehicle, the law's widow, Begum Khaleda Zia, led by BNP, a strike, had been on the parliamentary elections scheduled in May 1986, was established.Despite.
The measure won the majority of seats in the National Assembly by 300 elected Jatiya Party.


The daughter of the late President Mujib Awami League-led participation son, Sheikh Hasina on charges of widespread voting irregularities, although election lent some credibility Wajed-.
Army Staff General Ershad isolated and October presidential elections scheduled to retire from military service arrangement.


Still influenced by martial law, as opposed to the BNP and the AL, both refused to tolerate opposing candidates. Ershad easily by taking 84% of the vote, the remaining candidates outdistanced. Ershad's government claimed 50% of issues, including opposition leaders, and foreign press, but much, much lower percentage of voting irregularities, charges and estimated.


Ershad expressed continued commitment to lift martial law. In November 1986, his government mustered the necessary two-thirds majority to amend the Constitution on the rule of law, and military action in the past to ensure that the National Assembly. The government hastily local administrative and military representation to include the controversial law pushed through the bill and then elected president in July 1987, the opposition parties was lifted martial law, however, took the chair of the National Assembly.


In, the opposition walked out of parliament. Article tool to quickly gather in Bangladesh opposition parties for the first time, helped spark an opposition movement that gathered momentum. State prison, but in 1974 this country special powers Act to arrest opposition activists and results, the opposition parties continued to organize protests and nationwide strikes. After declaring a state of emergency, Ershad dissolved in March 1988, Parliament was scheduled to fresh elections.


He refused to participate in government overtures to all the main opposition parties, the government and a free Waiting, these facilities can not comment on the conduct of fair elections. Although the opposition strike, the government continued. The ruling Jatiya Party won 300 seats to 251. While still an illegitimate parliament as opposition, in June 1988, including an appointment as sessions held, and passed a number of bills;


The main panel of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh to set up Islamic religion and government is preparing a controversial constitutional amendment towns outside Dhaka. Islam remains the state religion, but the Supreme Court has struck down a provision category decentralizing the Supreme Court.


In 1989, seemed to be a silent partner in the political situation in the country. The local council elections international observers generally considered less violence and more than a free and fair choice is possible. However, Ershad regime protests the repeated general strikes, increased campus protests, public demonstrations, and the total disintegration of law and order began to climb back, change at the end of 1990.