THE HISTORY OF IRAN

OVERVIEW

Traditionally, the history of Iran, Anatolia, to the west known as Persia in the Western world, the Bosphorus, and is known as the location of Iran as the greatest area of ​​Egypt is tied to the history of a large region of ancient India, and Darya Syr in the East, and the Persian Gulf and South during the Caucasus in the north to the Gulf and Europe from Steppe borders.

Iran's historical and urban settlements from the early Bronze Age, the Iranian Plateau to the west and the western part of BC.The also participated in the traditional ancient Near East with Elam, dating to 4000, one of the oldest continuous major civilizations in the world to house; Later, as Kish, Mannaeans and Akkadian as others with different people. Based Cyrus the Great, the Persian Empire in the first 625 BC.

The the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BC) and the State of Iran, a nation united the Medes and was the first historical People.The Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the Pharisees as the names of Persis (Persepolis) Power chair, spanning three continents, are subject to the Balkans, North Africa and central Asia. This is the largest yet, and the state was the first state in the world.

The first Persian Empire, the only civilization in the history of the Seleucid Parthian, Sasanian in 480 BC.They and territories around the world, was replaced by an estimated 49.4 million people were 112.4 million to meet accounting, more than 40% of the global population who almost 1000 series Iran years and is managed as a leading world power made Iran again. Arch-rival Roman Empire and Persia's successor, was the Byzantine Empire.

The Iranian people following the Persian Empire Iron Age begins in quantity. Media and Iranian people, classical made a very ancient Achaemenid, Parthian, Sasanian and territories.

Power, the main dimensions of a state of Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and by far and wide, confirming the invasion of Iran after the victory. Iranian national identity and has always embraced the past as a separate political and cultural entity.

Muslim conquest of Persia (633-656) at the end of Sasanian Iran and a turning point in history. Iran Islamization of the tenth century at the end of the eighteenth and dependancies and Zoroastrianism in Iran, eventually led to the later decline. However, the past achievements of the Persian civilization was destroyed, but there was so much absorbed in a new Islamic civilization and the gun.

Iran, with its ancient culture and long history of the territories, the late medieval and early modern period was particularly severe hardships. Many leaders whose invasion, the negative influence of the nomadic tribes and chiefs in this country.

Iran, a prominent again and again the power of the most important changes in the history of Islam.Functioning points on one of them Shia Islam is the state of the conversion to Iran in the Safavid dynasty, which is the state religion in Iran is .

neutral in 1501, was officially reunified on April 1, 1979, on a the Islamic Republic, the neighbor of the Ottoman Empire at this time, there was a royal arch-rival for many centuries, Iran Iranian revolution in 1979, almost without interruption since 1501, governed by an Emperor.

Smart eastern Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Iran were not Muslims (which encompassed thousands of years, this intermittently) territories in the Caucasus is of course a lot missing the first half of the 19th century, above all, its rapidly expanding and 1804-13 and 1826- among the 8-emerged in Russia following the Persian wars, neighboring rival of the Russian Empire.

PREHISTORY

1. Paleolithic

The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran were behind the rest of the Neandertals more traditional dating found.There also be found in Neandertals made Kashafrud Ganj par and sites that apparently dating back to 100,000 years ago in the Middle Paleolithic.Mousterian stone tools, mainly in the Zagros range, and as Kobeh, Kunji, Bisitun cave, Tamtama, Warwasi, and Yafteh Cave.In 1949 was less than in central Iran on sites which the Middle Paleolithic period, to a Neanderthal in a radius of Carleton S upper Paleolithic known and Epipaleolithic times in Bisitun Cave.Evidence. Coon Kermanshah and Khorramabad, from the mountains of the Zagros and Alborz in a small number of stations and tunnels in central Iran, is known primarily.

2. Neolithic Chalcolithic 

GOLAN as early as Chogha agricultural communities, such as 8000 BC Chogha Bonut (the oldest village in Elam), along with the settlement as 10,000 BC, in the Zagros mountains around the same time and began to spread in the West Iran.Around, -known around early and an earthen vessel modeled in human and animal terracotta figurines were also produced in Ganj Dareh Tepe Sarab in the western Kermanshah province among the many artifacts and other Iran.There in more than 10,000 years old human and animal figurines also are.

Iran, the south-western part, such as Chogha (a settlement, perhaps as early Mish early as 4395 calories in BC, where it was founded), as villages and settlements in Shushan, was part of the human race and fertile lands where the majority of the first major crops grown back to 6800 BC to associations; 7,000-year-old (now on display at the University of Pennsylvania) Zagros mountains excavated Sialk Tepe jars and the like, as there are the ruins of the 7000-year-old villages with more commitment. The two main Neolithic villages of Iranian culture were Zayandeh Dareh River Ganj.

3. Bronze Age

For more information, Tepe Sialk, Jiroft culture, Elam, Kura-Araxes culture, Akkadian Empire, castanets, and Mannaeans

What parts of the Caucasus and Anatolia in modern western Iran on neighboring regions Kura-Araxes culture to spread out (3400 ā.ā.- created CA. 2000 BC), was a part of.

Iran and Susa is one of the oldest-known towns in the world. According to C14 dating is based on, is the city going into the beginning of 4395 BC, the age of civilization in Mesopotamia. After Shushan general awareness among archeologists Uruk.In its later history is that the Sumerian city of the state of an extension; Shushan was an ancient sites across the Iranian territory 4000 BC.There also dozens of Elam, the capital city of the ancient cultures that emerged from the fourth millennium BC and are about the existence of a plateau in the urban villages, the Iranian plateau from the ancient civilizations of Iran, in Kerman province of southeastern There was a culture in Jiroft.

This is one of the most heritage-rich archaeological sites in the Middle East. Archaeological excavations in Jiroft BC.There a very special animal sculptures, theorist, and is decorated with a large amount of architectural motifs 4 thousand members, has discovered a number of things. In the different materials and iconography archeologists ever seen before. Many chlorite, gray-green and are made of soft stone; Other copper, bronze, terracotta, and in fact, they are precious stones. Recent excavations at the sites of Mesopotamian inscriptions-days in advance, which produced the original inscription in the world.

There are records of the early Iron Age to the Iranian people and many others in the Iranian Plateau before the emergence of an ancient civilization. Early Bronze Age city organized in the Middle East states saw the rise of cities and writing (the Uruk period) discovery. From the Bronze Age, Elam was still writing, although he did not use birth-Elamite script remains undeciphered; Elam is scarcely more than the Sumerian records.

Russian historian Igor M. Diakonoff to the Iranian Plateau smart people, mostly non-Persian groups of seeds that says: "This Iranian plateau, but in Europe the birth autochthones are Indo-Europeans, that is, in the main, present day Iranians words, our physical sense."

3. At the beginning of the Iron Age

Iranian plateau logs will be more concrete than with the rise of Neo-Assyrian Empire Records and support provided. In the early 20th century BC, as Pontic- Caspian steppe tribes came from the Iranian Plateau. In the Iranian plateau and the coterminous with the arrival of Iranians is the only state in one area after another, and to submit Elam, Khuzestan and Elam, which forced him to take a river nearby location, the refuge.

Bahman Firuzmandi Iranians in the southern half of the plateau.By-first millennium BCE, Medes, Persians may be intermixed with Elam's people live, and the Parthians and speak to the people of Iran plateau. All the Near East until the rise of the Medes, like the rest, and sat under the Assyrian Empire. What has been integrated into Iranian Azerbaijani Urartu, now part of the first millennium BC in the first half.

MEDIEVAL IRAN

The triumph of Islam ratings

Mohammed expansion under, 622-632

The Patriarchal caliphs, 632-661 during expansion

The Umayyad caliphs, 661-750 during expansion

The Sasanian king reigned over Iran Yazdegerd III 633 at the time, Omar was under Muslims in a bloody civil war right after they invaded the country. Many Iranian princes and the king's shilling, Karen, and Khorasan after rebelling against Kanarangiyans as families, their Sasanian overlords.

Mihran two famous generals and Bahram Chōbin Shahrbaraz under Sasanian claimed the throne, although this time the Arabs in their struggle Sasanians faithful, but was later defeated by their own relatives Mihrans up Ispahbudhan house, under Farrukhzad leader who rebelled against Yazdegerd III.

Yazdegerd III area Miller 651.By 674 in the purse at Merv fled district, one of the killed, Muslims (modern Iranian Khorasan province and modern Afghanistan and were defeated, including parts of Transoxiana) Greater Khorasan.

Muslim Persian Zoroastrianism in Sasanian Persian Empire ended in victory eventually led to the decline. As time passes, Iranians, many converted to Islam. Most of the discarded to the previous Persian civilizations themes was, but he was shooting the new Islamic. Bernard Lewis commented that:

These events have been seen in different parts of Iran, as a blessing, some real faith in the coming of the end, in the age of ignorance and outraged; National humiliating defeat foreign invaders in the country, defeated and under the control of others. Both are based on a person's vision angle, of course, are not valid.

Caspian coast to the caliphs and realize Surah

Main article: Umayyad caliphs

After the fall of Sasanian Empire in 651, the Umayyad caliphs many Arabs and Persians practices, particularly in administrative and judicial proceedings began mannerisms. There was no doubt the Arab provincial governors Persianized either in Armenia or ethnic Persians; Indeed, the main city in Persia 692 recording Damascus began in the seventh century of Arabic at the end, until the adoption Caliph remained in business language. Sasanian coins hats have evolved new Islamic coins (and Byzantine), and the invention of the alphabet replaced the Arabic script with the Pahlavi.

The Umayyad caliphs the Arab conquerors of the state can not make a major Arabic-language peoples around the issue. Was not happy with the Persian language to bed on the prevalence of al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, from past centuries, some of the remaining symbols force.In Al's silver, replaced Arabic, the official language is written orders to conquer countries, for example:

Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf was sent Khwarazmia with the Muslim military command under bin Qutaibah trip and the second time when victory was quickly Khwarazmian heritage, history and culture, and killed whomever wrote that he Khwarazmian native language. Little by little, he was writing just illiterate; As a result, their story was largely forgotten, until then it remains, after all, and the Zoroastrian priests, killed and burned and scattered books. "

There are many historians who see the «dhimmah" set up to promote the rule of the Umayyads as dhimmis taxes to make money and change the Muslim and Arab communities by despair and hope. He depriving the provinces of revenues, posted a time of laws makes it easy to convert and lodged complaints with the governors to the caliph.

Tabaristan map and neighboring territories

Many Arab and non-Islamic Persia, as they entered mawali as recognition ( "clients"), the Umayyad caliphs and the end of the ruling Arab elite, citizens were regarded as second-in 7 th century. During this time, an Arab tribe and Islam at the beginning of the mawali client state with Arab and required the adoption was associated with a formal association of ethnic identity.By the end of the non-Arab Muslims Umayyads half the heart of policies and Shias failed to stop the unrest among these minorities were tolerated.

But it was still under the control of all Arab Iran; Tabaristan Dabuyid and Paduspanid controlled Daylam while the country was under the control of the Daylamites, and Mount Damavand region under Masmughans of Damavand. Arabs invaded many times these regions; But nothing was achieved important results of terrain accessible regions. Farrukhan the Great (r 712-728) known as Dabuyids, the popular governor, who was defeated Arab armies combined Dailamite-Dabuyid General Yazid ibn al-domains managed to capture during Muhallab, in the long struggle, and Tabaristan was forced to go back.

743 in the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's death, the Islamic world war. Abu Muslim Abbasid caliphs sent a propaganda as the beginning of Khorasan and then in rebellion against their behalf. Umayyad governor Nasr ibn victory that took Merv Sayyar. He became de facto ruler of the Abbasid caliphate in Khurasan. At the same time, the Governor Khurshid Dabuyid declared free from the Umayyads, but was forced to accept the authority of the Abbasid shortly. In 750, Abu Muslim Abbasid army defeated the Umayyads and the leader of the Zab war. Abu Muslim same year, in Damascus, the Umayyad Caliph stormed the capital city.

1. Saffarid dynasty in 900.

In the mid-10th century map of the dynasty in Iran

Major Topics: The Abbasid caliphs, Tahirid dynasty, Saffarid dynasty, Ziyarid dynasty, Samanids, Sajid dynasty, Sallarid dynasty, Ilyasids, Buyid dynasty, and Kakuyids

The Abbasid army consisted mainly Khorasanians an Iranian general, Abu Muslim, was educated Khorasani. It contained both Iranian and Arab elements, and the Abbasids enjoyed both Iranian and Arab support. Amir Arjomand Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750.According: Abbasid empire that includes the Arab revolution is basically more in the end and in the Middle East, multiethnic marked the beginning of the case.

One of the Umayyads to the Abbasids in his first action after taking over power to Iraq, Levant, Damascus, the capital city of the state was moving. Latter-range influence in the Arab Persian history and cultural impact, and the capital was part of the Persian Empire, stirring mawali interest. To serve as the new capital of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad city, at 762, was built on the Tigris River.

One of the Abbasids, "the vice-caliph" equivalent, or second-in-command; So Barmakids in the management of their established position as vizier. Eventually, this change than ever before with the vizier in real power under the Abbasid caliphs much is entered into the system role. A new Persian bureaucracy began to replace the old Arab aristocracy; The manager of a new dynasty, demonstrating that different in many ways, with the Umayyads, reflected these changes.

The Abbasid caliphs caliphate.The regional leaders of the Abbasid empire to challenge the authority of the central square Bekele far as the 9th century, Abbasid who operate outside the control of the Mamluks began to wane, Turkic-speaking warriors, began enlisting as early as the 9th century slave warriors as central to Transoxiana Asia. Shortly thereafter, the Abbasid caliphs began to wane real power; Later, he became a fighter servitude to religious figureheads.

As the power of the Abbasid caliphs diminished, a series of dynasties in various parts of Iran and got some influence with power. These overlapping Tahirids in Khorasan of the most important dynasties (821-873) were: Saffarids in Sistani (861-1003, as of) maliks against their rule until 1537, Sistani; And Samanids (819-1005) at the beginning of Bukhara. Later, the Samanids central Iran to Pakistan would be subject to the same location.

At the beginning of the 10th century, the Abbasids almost Buyid dynasty (934-1062), known as the growing Persian faction lost control. I was also able to assume real power in the Persian quietly Buyids since there was a lot anyway Abbasid Baghdad administration. While publicly expressed their loyalty was to conquer Buyids continues to exert influence over the Abbasids, who Seljuq Turks in the mid-11th century. Name the only authority with the Abbasids - - balance of power in the city of Baghdad, the Mongol invasion in 1258, sacked and he remained exactly as the Abbasid dynasty until the end.

In a Abbassid enfranchisement was to mawali experience and a shift in the state of Muslim and was in a political conception to one of the main Arab state. 930 was enacted requirement that every state must be a Muslim bureaucrats.