THE HISTORY OF THE ITALY

OVERVIEW

History shows that anatomically modern Italy 43,000 years ago, humans inhabited evidence from the Monte Poggiolo.Italy begins with the arrival of the first hominins in 850,000 years ago. This is to be reached as early 6000-5500 BC Cardium pottery ware and so moved as the Neolithic. 

Perhaps the Italian descendants of the Bronze Age and Iron Age people in the Italic Indo-Europeans equal to 1500 BC begins with the arrival of speakers; At first, side by side Italic culture, however, was the 8th time, so prevalent in the north of Italy, in the south-central Italy, Celts Etruscan civilization and the Greek colony 5th century BC.

Italic people would come to dominate the Gulf, with the first Latins in Latium region and Latin 3rd century BC, the Roman conquest in Italy. The Roman Republic and later in Italy under the Roman Empire for several hundred years, and also the adoption, at the end of the 4th century and established a state religion, culture and civilization in Western Europe, including the expansion as a follower of Christianity.

5th century, is taken to mark the end of the Late Antiquity end to the decline and fall of the Western Empire. Parts of the peninsula in the 11th century under Byzantine rule, and until you have been affected, although a Lombard kingdom of Italy, was formed. The medieval city-states, and especially the powerful republics of the rise of political fragmentation, but because it has become the kingdom of Lombard, Francia Finally, the Bible has been added to the Roman Empire.

 Finally, after the disastrous Italian wars, the Gulf of early modern Europe, divided among the major foreign governments in Austria and Spain, and later fell under Napoleon I of France, the Papal States, the Holy See's control over being reduced in Rome.

The rise of nationalism and the nation state in the 19th century with the idea that, at the end of the peninsula were unified in the 19th century. The new government was established in 1861 in Italy, the Mediterranean coast and quickly modernize parts of Africa, and countries colony, built a large colonial rule. However, the young nation of many regions (especially South) Italian diaspora to come, remained rural and poor. 

World War II Allied powers of the victory, Italy's historical enemy, defeated Austrian Empire. Benito Mussolini in the hands of fascists, and set up a more authoritarian dictatorship, but soon after, fell on the liberal state and social unrest. Finally, in 1945, Fascist Italy, with the faction victory over the spring, ensnared in a bloody civil war in 1943, joined the Axis powers during World War II.

In 1946, the results of a constitutional referendum was abolished monarchy. The New Republic was proclaimed on June 2, 1946 in the 1950's and 1960's, Italy's quick and smart and sustainable economic growth, the so-called economic miracle, I saw an Italian. When he returns to the country, the western democratic governments of international politics, (later the European Union has constituted) in the European Economic Community, the United Nations, NATO, the G7 Economic Co- operation and Development Organization joined. Italy plays an important role in regional and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs.

PRE HISTORY

Valcamonica, Lombardy in the Mesolithic petroglyph. Ancient petroglyphs, the largest collection in the world (10th millennium BC).

Ancient times, the Italian peninsula was rather different from the form. During the last ice age, Elba, Sicily islands are connected to the land. Gargano Peninsula, in what is now started and is now humid climate with fertile plains of the Bay of Venice from the Adriatic Sea, was much less.

The first hominins seen in the archaeological discoveries dating to the arrival of a Homo neanderthalensis Poggiolo.The Monte between about 850,000 years ago was found. 50,000 years ago (Late Pleistocene). Homo sapiens sapiens appeared during the Upper Palaeolithic.

The oldest modern human remains found anywhere else in Europe, Grotta del Cavallo earlier in November that from 1964 was unearthed Neanderthal baby teeth, Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator on what was thought to be the unit tests conducted in 2011, was featured in England, dating later prehistoric age 43,000 and between 45,000 years have been found in ago.Remains Liguria, Lombardy (stone shapes in Valcamonica) and Sardinia (nuraghe) from. The most famous, perhaps, is that Ötzi Iceman, a hunter with a mountain of ice on Similaun dating in South Tyrol, the Mother. In 3000 BC (Bronze Age).

Monte d'is an archaeological site located in Sardinia, Italy, in the northern Sassari Porto Torres near the pyramid of Accoddi range. 4th millennium BC.

At that time, a complex device with the southern Alps (Trentino-Alto Adige in a range between) Ötzi the oldest in the world, Mom. 4th millennium BC.

During the Bronze Age, Indoeuropean people are refugees from Italy. Approximatively north to the mountains of the people have been identified in four waves. The first Indoeuropean migration of copper smithing, who imported the public since the mid--3 rd millennium BC occurred in the area. The Po Valley took the Remedello culture. The second wave of immigration at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC to the end of Grade 3, in Tuscany, in the plains of rivers, Beaker Culture and with the use of copper smithing identified with the tribes on the coast and Sardinia, Sicily occurred in the Bronze Age.

-2 Middle of the second millennium BC, a third wave of civilization and Apenninian black earth (terremare) long served local farmers fertilizing needs of this settlement mounds, associated with the residue from which the name comes from the Terramare culture came. Compared with the increase of the Neolithic can not be sure that people Terramare comparative work. There were still hunters, but had animals at home; Casting mold clay bricks in stone and bronze, were properly skillful metallurgists; They beans, vine, wheat and flax cultivation were agriculturists.

In the late Bronze Age, the beginning of the 1st millennium BC to the end of the 2nd millennium, related to the Central European Urnfield culture of a fourth wave, the birth of the Villanovan culture ,, metal-working Italian peninsula was brought to him. Ānigefe- villanovans practiced cremation and the ashes buried their dead in a double-cone-shaped clay šešik’emit’echewi.

 Overall, the birth was focused on the section of Villanovan villages in northern-central Gulf. Further south, Campania, inhumation Salerno (Agro Picentino be conserved in the museum) and the recent sharp Pontecagnano on Consilina "High grave" on the overall system, the birth and in the area where the body was identified at the funeral Capua villanovan.

EARLY MODERN ITALY  (1559 1814) 

• Early in the modern history of Italy that was due to foreign domination and economic recession. 

• Still, I saw the Italian Wars (1559 to 1494 on) the following, first in Italy (1713 to 1559) under the Habsburg Spain, then under some important cultural and scientific achievements of Habsburg in Austria (1796 to 1713), relative peace for a long time.

• During the time of the Napoleonic, Italy, France and the invasion of several client governments involved.

• (1814) Congress in Vienna, however, was quickly overturned the Italian union movement, acting on the end of the 18th century, the situation has been restored.

1. In the 17th century,

Bubonic plague, or Black Death, 1656, from a doctor for protection clothing.

In a sign of the 17th century was a time of deep political and social changes in the violence in Italian history. These include the Spanish peninsula impact on the ground, as well as the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church and the Catholic Church on the edge of the power of the Counter Reformation as a response, the Protestant Reformation. Physics and Astronomy as a baroque architecture and painting in the style of a thriving field of Galileo on the findings as important artistic and scientific discoveries, but Italy suffered the general economic downturn.

Effective, Italy Like Cristopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano after giving birth, as some of the best browsers, the discovery of the New World to the west shfting center of gravity in Europe has been the importance of Venice and other Italian ports of commercially voting is also Atlantic.In Italian division to its property tax on part of the money needed for the thirty years War in Spain (1618-48), a great Italian commercial agriculture drained; Spain denied, so that (for example, in connection with the 1647 tax Neapolitan "Masaniello in Revolt») and conflicts and the spread of violence, which dragged down with the Italian domains.

The Black Death came back to haunt me throughout the century Italy. Northern Italy, the plague that ravaged 1630, particularly in Milan and Venice, perhaps a million lives, or to claim 25% of the population. 1656 plague Naples.Historians (in economic activity, and thus,) Italian cities, people on the high reduction of 43% of the population believe the government has struck a major commercial and political centre.By as a contribution to defeating Italy in 1500, the total domestic production in Italy, France, 106 % while only 75% by value, 1700.

2. In the 18th century,

The Spanish succession war (1701-14) and Philip on the entire Spanish heritage who fixed Spain, Charles II, Anjou, Duke, King Louis XIV, the second child last Habsburg king was triggered by the death of France. The Savoy in Europe, Austria, England, because of the presence of the Dutch Republic and other minor powers of a partnership than a French hegemony threat (which entered the Duchy) The Hague.

Sicily to lek’ek’echi was successfully Alliance, Austria, Spain, from war and "two crowns Party" Franco-Spanish victory, and the subsequent agreement in Utrecht and Rastatt, Italy (Milan, Naples and Sardinia) saw the most control Duchy of Savoy. However, Spain, Italy and doubled in the regions inidiyešimeliši Union (1718-1720) War in an attempt to re-claim on the French throne, but was again defeated. Duke of Savoy Victor Amadeus II of life was known as the King of Sardinia, the island of Sardinia, for, while The Hague agreed to exchange Sicily because of an agreement with Austria, Spain, Italy agreed to its claim to leave.

3. The Age of Napoleon

In Italy, almost 18 at the end of the 16th century were in the same political situation in the century; Major differences in the scale of foreign forces after the war in a series of Spanish Austria were replaced as Spain (This is incorrect about Naples and Sicily), and the chiefs of Savoy (Italy and France, among the mountainous region) now bešeridiniye and their property, including the Italian Piedmont region of North West , adding they were the kings of Sardinia.

This situation (they are anti-revolutionary puppet-ruler had occurred and where) the first union to abandon Sardinia, Italy invaded the purpose of forcing Austria and Italy to withdraw from the French military under Napoleon chaotic Italy, 1796, by the blowing. The first fight came on April 9 between France and Piedmontese; Only Victor Amadeus III was forced to sign an Armistice Sardinia within two weeks. On May 15, then entered the French general was welcomed as free as a legislative Milan. Back, then beat Austrian counterattacks off and walk, he arrived in 1797. Here Veneto Veronese Easters, an act of rebellion against the oppression of the French, Napoleon week tied down, has occurred.

1797-99 French Revolution, Napoleon, Italy, often in the name of victory. He reinforced the old units and Austria's content differed. He completely new series of republics, set up with the old feudal rights law and hesitant of new codes. Napoleon was focused on Milan's Cisalpine Republic. It is attracting it to the Ligurian Republic and the Republic of Genoa, while the city. The pope himself had holdings in the pope of the Roman Republic, when he was sent to France. Established in the Republic of Naples, Naples, but coalition forces, the enemy was only continued for five months before recaptured.

In 1805, the viceroy and the king himself with a stepson, Italy and formed the government. In addition, the Batavian Republic, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the Helvetic Republic and returned to. All of these were French satellites new countries; Paris to pay large subsidies, as well as to Napoleon's wars and military support. Theirs was a modern political and administrative system, introduced a system of benchmarks, and decreased trade obstacles. Jewish ghettos were abolished. Belgium and France are the main parts of the Piedmont.

In 1805, a combination of a third victory in the French and Italian Pressburg peace after Napoleon invaded them in the Republic of Italy and the Kingdom of labeling, Veneto and Dalmatia have gone lost. Also that year, a second satellite status, the Ligurian Republic (Genoa successor of the Old Republic), was influenced by merging with France. In 1806, the Kingdom of Naples conquered meše- Carrara Guastalla and princes outside his signing with Elisa and Paolina, Joachim Murat, from the (1808) and then gave it to his brother. In 1808, the government Marche and Tuscany, Italy annexed.

In 1809, for the first time Bonaparte of France Savona, then took his case to the Pope was deplored efficiently; The pope, who,For example, comparisons with, to keep occupied Rome.

After Russia, the EU and other territories themselves having to re-Murat with the Italian corporate and territories, among the first, to be abandoned after cooperating with Austria.Defeated in Paris on April 6, 1814, to renounce the throne in Leipzig War, Napoleon's victory over Napoleon was sent into exile on Elba, and . 

(1814) in Vienna for the Congress (and in the North East), Austria, Italy sincerity of 1795 that recent case, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the two Sicilies to the government (in the south of Sicily, Lombardy) Restoration of Tuscany, the Papal States, and between the states and other microorganisms. However, as Venice and Genoa was to create republics like an old, went to Austria, Venice, Genoa and Sardinia Kingdom.

Napoleon and France flight to return (the Hundred Days), I was able to get the support of Murat, but Murat Rimini with the proclamation that Napoleon was murdered and beaten and unable to convince the Italians to fight for. Thus, the Italian government fell, a lot of pre-Napoleonic return to Italy with sovereigns lost when they returned, they began. 

(Savoy went on to create a state) as Sardinia, Lombardy, Veneto, Istria and Dalmatia have gone to Austria while he re-Piedmont, Genoa and beautiful, came together. Parma and Modena has re-established dukedoms-, and the Pope returned to the United States and the Kingdom of Naples Bourbons. Italy (1815-1835), when the restoration work in the political and social events, famous battles across the Italian peninsula to freedom triggers something very much in shape. All of this has resulted in Italy and Italian unity new government.